3.2 Flashcards
(45 cards)
1
Q
what is environmental design and how does it contribute to achieving social control?
A
- involves what a neighbourhood looks like and how it is designed so it has an impact on criminality
2
Q
what is Jeffery’s crime prevention through environmental design?
A
(CPTED)
- crime results partly from the opportunities presented by the physical environment
- e.g. surveillance, access , territoriality
3
Q
what did Jeffery say would decrease crime?
A
- creating open spaces with strong lighting to create visibility
- lack of hiding spaces
- low level bushes allowing a clear visibility site line
4
Q
what is Newman’s defensible and indefensible spaces?
A
- defensible spaces - areas where there are clear boundaries so it is obvious who has the right to be there (low crime rates because of territoriality, surveillance, a safe image and a protected location)
- indefensible spaces - ‘confused areas’ of public space, e.g. anonymous walkways and stairways (where crime is more likely to happen
5
Q
what were the results of Newman’s study on defensible and indefensible spaces?
A
- studied high rise blocks in new-york, found 55% of all crimes committed occurred in public spaces such as hallways as no-one felt they owned them
6
Q
what did Alice Coleman study and what were her results?
A
- analysed 4099 blocks of flats in 2 London boroughs
- found that the poor designs of many blocks produced higher rates of crime and anti-social behaviour
- 3 design features encouraged crime (anonymity, lack of surveillance, easy escape)
7
Q
what were Alice Coleman’s recommendations?
A
- no more blocks of flats should be built
- each existing block should have its own garden or private space, so residents look after it
- overhead walkways should be removed because they obstruct surveillance
8
Q
what examples could be used for CPTED?
A
- Lisson Green estate (London) - removal of overhead walkways reduced crime by 50%
- ‘Secured By Design’ kitemark scheme used by the building industry indicates new buildings meet crime prevention standards - 30% lower burglary rates in SBD houses
9
Q
what are the pros of CPTED?
A
- Damilola Taylor Case
- reduces opportunity for crime
- promotes a sense of ownership
- Brown and Altman (1981)
10
Q
what is the Damilola Taylor case?
A
- murdered in a concrete stairwell in a condemned housing estate, supports the idea that stairwells can result in crime due to low-level visibility and easy access and escape
11
Q
what is Brown and Altman (1981)?
A
- found that physical modifications suggest residents care and watchfulness help to promote safer residential settings
12
Q
what are the cons of CPTED?
A
- crime doesn’t always occur in hidden spaces, may be that crime is displaced rather than being prevented
- focus on defence from outsiders who come into the area to offend, but insiders commit crimes too e.g. domestic violence
- some housing estates have high crime rates because of council housing allocation policies
13
Q
what theory relates to CPTED?
A
- right realism - rational choice theory
- broken window theory
14
Q
how does rational choice theory relate to CPTED?
A
- CPTED sees offenders acting rationally - the reward outways the risk
15
Q
what does the broken window theory relate to CPTED?
A
- disorder encourages crimes as offenders don’t think anyone cares about the area.
16
Q
what is situational crime prevention?
A
- involves ‘target hardening’ by changing the physical environment to make it harder to commit crime
17
Q
how does the panopticon help to achieve social control?
A
- prison cells are visible to the guards from a central viewing point such as a watchtower, the guards can see the prisoners, but to prisoners cannot see the guards
Foucault - we are increasingly controlled through self surveillance
18
Q
describe the ADX Florence prison?
A
- built on the side of a mountain
- 12 gun towers surround the prison
- razor wire, guard dogs. laser beams secure the perimeter
- concrete, soundproof cells where prisoners spend 23 hours of a day
- meets the aims of public protection, not much rehabilitation
19
Q
describe the Bastoy - Norway prison?
A
- live in houses with other offenders and are responsible for them selves.
- they can work with animals, plants and in greenhouses
- more equal - guards and inmates are seen on the same level
-left realism - believe that crime lies in the inequalities created by a capitalist society
20
Q
what is Gated Lanes?
A
- CPTED tactic - ‘design crime out’
- lockable gates installed to prevent offenders gaining access to alleyways
- prevents burglaries, stop fly-tipping, and antisocial behaviour by youths congregating
21
Q
what study related to Gated Lanes?
A
- Sidebottom’s 43 studies
- found that gates reduce burglary rates as they provide a physical barrier,
residents take responsibility for closing gates which increases guardianship
22
Q
what is a negative to gates lanes?
A
- costs may be an issue for residents and they may not want to come together to pay
£728 per gate - however average benefit was £2.19 for every £1 spent - alley may be a public right of way
23
Q
what are behavioural tactics?
A
- way in which agencies can seek to change individuals behaviour to make them conform to social norms and laws
24
Q
what are two examples of behvioural tactics?
A
- ASBO’s
- token economies
25
what are ASBO's?
- Anti - social behaviour orders introduced in 1998
- used to restrain a person form committing actions that threatened the legal right of another person - breaching the conditions was a criminal offence, punishable up to 5 years
- deal with low level anti-social behaviour
26
where ASBO's working?
- no - 2000-2013, 24000 people were issued ASBO's, 58% breached their conditions, over 10000 orders were breached continuously
27
what theory explains why ASBO's weren't working?
- the individual internalises the label as part of their identity, ASBO's became a 'badge of honor', reinforcing rather than reducing their offending behavior- leading to repeat offending
28
what were ASBO's replaced with?
- Criminal Behaviour Orders and Civil injunctions, by the Anti-social Behavior Crime and Policing Act 2014
29
what are civil injunctions?
- aim to deal with low-level nuisance and annoyance
- if breached it is punishable for up to 2 years in prison for adults and 3 months detention order for under 18s
30
what are Criminal Behaviour orders?
- deal with serious anti-social behaviour
- if breached it is punishable for up to 5 years for adults and 2 years detention for under 18s
31
what are the similaries between ASBOs and CBOs?
- both forbid a person from doing something
32
what are the differences between ASBOs and CBOs?
- Cbos require a person to do something positive to improve their behaviour unlike ASBOs
33
what are token economies?
- behaviour modification program - aims to achieve social control by reshaping inmates behaviour patterns so they conform to what institution requires
34
what theory does token economies relate to?
- Skinner's operant learning theory - if a particular behaviour results in a reward of some kind it is likely to be repeated - the reward acts as a reinforcement of the behaviour
35
how does token economies work in prison?
- each time a prisoner behaves in a desired way they recieve a token which can be exchanged for rewards
36
what study relates to token economies and what were the results?
- Hobb's and Holt's study of 125 boys aged 12-15 in a correctional institution found that behaviour change lasted through the study
- when offenders leave prison, reinforcements stop, the desired behaviour disappears, however the offenders return to crime more slowly
37
relate the courts to institutional disciplinary procedures?
- the courts can sentence offenders to various punishments for their offences
- can be used to achieve both individual and general deterrence
- includes discharges (least serious but still get a criminal record)
- absolute discharge (no punishment imposed
- conditional discharge (if offender commits another crime they can be sentenced for the first offence as well as the new one)
2022- 2% of offenders received a discharge
38
relate fines to institutional disciplinary procedures?
- most common sentences, lower level crimes e.g. minor driving offences
- fine is determined by how serious the offence is and how much the offender can pay based on their income
- max fine in both magistrates and crown court is unlimited
2022- 79% of offences received a fine
39
relate community sentences to institutional disciplinary procedures?
- punishment with activities carried out in the community
13 possible requirements - can be given 1 or a combination
e.g. up to 300hrs of unpaid work, drug or alcohol treatment, curfews
2022 - 7% of offenders were given a community sentence
40
relate custodial sentences to institutional disciplinary procedures?
- most severe sentences available
- suspended - don't go to prison immediately
- determinate - fixed length for the sentence but don't necessarily spend whole time in prison
extended - judge decides how long offender will stay in prison
life sentence - judge specifies how long in prison but on license for rest of life
2022 - 6% of offenders got custodial sentence
41
explain police and staged sanctions?
- sometimes out of court disposals can be more appropriate than prosecution
- 'simple' caution or formality warning to adults
- 'conditional' caution if there is sufficient evidence to charge the offender
42
relate budget cuts to gaps in state provision?
- funding comes from taxes paid, limits to their budget and resulting resources
- since the 2008 recession have fewer staff across the agencies, police 19%, CPS 25%, prisons 16%
43
relate new technology to gaps in state provision?
- problems checking mobile phones for evidence have led to failures to disclose evidence and fall in the number of rape and sexual offence charges
e.g. Liam Allen
- cost of new technology (DNA profiling)
- took 600 police hours to through the digital materials for 1 rape case
44
relate unreported crime to gaps in state provision?
- can create a gap especially for certain types of crime
criminal justice agencies can only investigate, prosecute and convict offenders if their offence has been reported
- only 40% of crimes are reported
45
relate existing laws to gaps in state provision?
- sometimes new harms emerge but there is no existing law
e.g. social media and the law- for offensive and harmful material that appears of them
- Online Safety Act 2023, proposed in March 2022 required social media companies and other digital platforms to keep the internet safe for children and adults
- subject to £18m or 10% of global annual revenue (whichever is higher)
