3.2 Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
What was the nature of governance in the regions under direct rule from London?
A
No local councils were established in the regions.
2
Q
What was the Council of Wales and ‘Marches’?
A
A council based at Ludlow Castle, headed by members of the royal family.
3
Q
How did local barons govern in the regions?
A
They governed independently with no royal oversight.
4
Q
What was the role of military governors?
A
They were appointed to enforce law through force.
5
Q
What were the marcher regions?
A
Regions on the border of Wales and Scotland that developed their own laws and governance.
6
Q
What was the traditional function of the marcher regions?
A
They served as the first line of defense with a military function.
7
Q
Why was control of the marcher regions vital for Tudor monarchs?
A
Nobility controlling these areas gained significant legal and military power, becoming ‘quasi-kings’.
8
Q
How did the marcher regions challenge the monarchy?
A
Henry VII used them to usurp Richard III, allowing powerful nobility to build their power bases.
9
Q
How did Henry VII and Henry VIII control the marcher regions before the 1530s?
A
Through the Council of Wales and ‘Marches’.
10
Q
Who became head of the Council of Wales in 1490?
A
Jasper Tudor (Duke of Bedford), Henry’s uncle.
11
Q
What challenges did the Tudors face in controlling the North?
A
Geographical remoteness, poor communications, and threats of invasion from Scotland.
12
Q
How was the Northern border organized?
A
It was split into Western, Middle, and Eastern Marches, controlled by wardens.
13
Q
What additional problems did Henry VII face in the North?
A
As a usurper, he was vulnerable to invasion attempts from rivals loyal to Richard III.
14
Q
What significant event occurred in the North in 1489?
A
An economic hardship led to a tax revolt in Yorkshire and the murder of Henry Percy.
15
Q
What happened to the Council of the North in 1525?
A
An attempt to revive it with Henry Fitzroy as President, but he died in 1536.
16
Q
What led to royal intervention in the governance of the North in 1536?
A
The most serious rebellion of Henry VIII’s reign, the Pilgrimage of Grace (PoG).
17
Q
Who did Cromwell appoint as Lord President of the Council of Wales?
A
Rowland Lee, given sweeping powers to tackle crime and disorder.
18
Q
What was introduced in 1535 and passed by English Parliament in 1536?
A
The First Law in Wales Act (Act of Union).
19
Q
What were the main changes brought by the First Law in Wales Act?
A
Abolition of the Principality of Wales and marcher lordships, introduction of English local government, and allocation of MPs.
20
Q
What was the main change due to the First Law in Wales Act?
A
The end of the traditional military power of the marcher lords.
21
Q
What was passed in 1542?
A
A Second Law in Wales Act.
22
Q
What did the 1542 Act introduce?
A
A system of English law to Wales and reorganized the Council of the Marches.
23
Q
What was the Court of Great Sessions?
A
Courts held in each Welsh county two times a year to try criminal cases.
24
Q
What was the result of the 1542 Act?
A
The Council of Wales became a more formal body with strengthened powers.
25
What powers were awarded to the Council of Wales by the 1542 Act of Union?
The right to hear legal cases and oversee law in Wales and marcher counties.
26
What development occurred in the Marcher Council by Elizabeth's reign?
It included Lord Lieutenants, demonstrating success with little trouble in the region.
27
What is a felony?
A capital crime punishable by death, excluding treason.
28
What was the Council of the North responsible for?
Hearing cases of treason, murder, felony, and overseeing local governance.
29
What areas did the Council of the North govern?
Yorkshire, Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmorland.
30
Where was the Council headquarters based?
In York, specifically St. Mary's Priory.
31
Who was often the President of the Council of the North?
A Bishop or member of the nobility from the South/Midlands.
32
Who made up the Council of the North?
Local gentry, lawyers, and clergy from the local region.
33
What decline occurred after 1537 regarding the Council of the North?
A decline in the power of traditional northern lords.
34
What changes did Elizabeth make to the Council of the North?
Inserted more Southerners, leading to increased resentment.
35
What is recusancy?
The practice of refusing to attend Church of England services.
36
Who was made President of the Council of the North in 1572?
Puritan Henry Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon.
37
What are boroughs?
Towns with the right to send 2 MPs to Parliament.
38
How many boroughs existed by the end of Elizabeth's reign?
191 boroughs.
39
What was the change in the size of the House of Commons?
Increased from 296 to 462 members.
40
What happened to the House of Lords during this period?
It decreased in size as abbots from dissolved monasteries were no longer summoned.
41
How many new MPs did Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth create?
Edward: 34, Mary: 25, Elizabeth: 62.
42
What is franchise?
The qualification to vote, varying by borough.
43
Why was there a growth in the number of borough MPs?
Pressure from townsmen to promote community interests in Parliament.
44
What did the town council of York aim to prevent in Edward's Parliament?
The chopping down of woodland areas within 25km of the city.
45
What group did most borough MPs belong to?
Members of the landed gentry.
46
What was the estimated cost for a town to fund one MP during the Reformation Parliament?
£70.
47
Who was elected as MP of Dunwich and what was significant about him?
Sir Edmund Rowse, who promised to cover his own expenses.
48
What were the Duchies of Cornwall and Lancaster?
Estates of important nobility returned to the Crown.
49
Who was the most powerful nobleman under Henry VIII?
Duke of Norfolk, ensuring his clients were elected in various locations.
50
Who ensured the election of his candidates in 1584?
Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester.
51
How did Tudor monarchs use the borough system?
To ensure MPs in Commons acted according to their wishes.
52
What was the advantage of creating new boroughs for the Crown?
To place loyal candidates in Parliament.
53
Who benefited from increased literacy rates during the Tudor period?
Yeomen.
54
What was a result of the foundation of grammar schools?
Emphasis on education for all and the opening of English schools.
55
What two universities existed in England and what was the increase in students?
Oxford and Cambridge, with students increasing from 1,150 to 2,000.
56
Where were illiteracy rates higher among yeomen in the 1530s?
In the North compared to the Midlands, East, and South.
57
What did the growth in literacy among yeomen lead to?
A changed role in governance and society, leading rebellions.
58
What is an example of a rebellion led by yeomen?
The Cornish Rising of 1497.
59
How did the role of yeomen in local government change?
They took on more administrative roles and participated in elections.
60
What were yeomen more likely to do after joining the political system?
Defend it rather than attack it.
61
What was the main central court and its role?
The Court of King's Bench, prosecuting cases on behalf of the King.
62
Who were the JPs?
Local officials responsible for law and order, usually from the local nobility.
63
What powers did JPs hold?
Heard cases, arrested suspects, and influenced local affairs.
64
What were JPs expected to administer?
The Poor Law and control vagrants.
65
What year were JPs made responsible for the Act for the Relief of the Poor?
1563.
66
Why did Henry VII appoint trusted members of his court as JPs?
His position as a usurper made him vulnerable to rebellion.
67
Who was a notable JP under Henry VII?
Sir Thomas Lovell, JP in Yorkshire and Sussex.
68
What powers did Henry VII give to JPs?
Enforced the Act of Parliament 1495, allowing them to act without juries.
69
What is retaining?
Nobility recruiting armies on behalf of the King.
70
What did Wolsey do to JPs in 1526?
Summoned them to hear a speech and fill in a questionnaire.
71
What happened in 1552 regarding alehouses?
All alehouses had to be licensed by JPs.
72
What was the average size of the county bench under Elizabeth?
Grew from 25 to 40/50.
73
How many Acts of Parliament placed responsibility on JPs by 1603?
309 Acts.
74
Why did Wolsey need to raise more taxation?
To fund expensive wars with France.
75
How much was spent on war between 1509-20?
£1 million, with only £25,000 received in tax revenue.
76
What was the subsidy?
A flexible tax assessed based on income and wealth.
77
How was the subsidy assessed for the nobility?
Higher ranks paid more.
78
How was the subsidy collected?
Local officials assessed individuals under oath, monitored by JPs.
79
How much did Wolsey raise through the new subsidy?
£322,099 between 1513-23.
80
What was significant about the subsidy Cromwell requested in 1534?
It was for peacetime, unprecedented in Tudor history.
81
When were further requests for peacetime subsidies made?
1540, 1543, 1553, 1555.
82
Why was the subsidy ineffective in increasing royal income?
It faced resistance from Parliament and taxpayers.
83
What was the Amicable Grant?
A non-parliamentary tax to cover government costs.
84
How many men protested the Amicable Grant?
10,000 men gathered in Suffolk.
85
Why did the Amicable Grant provoke resistance?
It was raised without Parliament's consent.
86
How did the assessment of the subsidy stagnate in Elizabeth's reign?
Rates became fixed and did not account for inflation.
87
What was the issue with the subsidy system under Elizabeth?
It became corrupt as taxpayers' assessments were accepted without verification.
88
What was an example of subsidy evasion by the nobility?
William Cecil declared only £133 of his £4,000 income.
89
What problems did local record keeping cause for the subsidy?
Records were outdated, leading to discrepancies in taxpayer assessments.
90
How many taxpayers were assessed versus actual payers?
17,000 assessed in 1523, but only 7,700 in 1566.
91
How many subsidies and 15ths/10ths did Elizabeth call?
4 subsidies and 8 15ths/10ths.
92
What was the main cause of poverty in Tudor England?
Increasing population.
93
What did the population increase to from 1525 to 1601?
From 2.26 million in 1525 to 4.1 million in 1601.
94
What was the result of population growth?
Rising prices, falling wages, and more pressure on resources.
95
What exacerbated poverty in the 1530s?
The dissolution of the monasteries.
96
What is alms?
Traditional giving of food, money, or charity to the poor.
97
What problems did increasing poverty lead to?
Vagrancy and begging.
98
What law did Henry VII pass in 1495?
Ordered beggars and the idle poor to be punished and returned to their parishes.
99
What law was passed in 1531?
A 'Poor Law' that ordered vagrants to be whipped.
100
Who were the impotent poor?
Those unable to work, licensed to beg.
101
What was traditionally given to the poor?
Food, money, and charity were traditionally given to the poor, encouraged by the Church.
102
What problems did increasing levels of poverty lead to?
Vagrancy and begging.
103
What law did Henry VII pass in 1495?
He ordered beggars and the idle poor to be put in stocks for three days, whipped, and returned to their original parish.
104
What law was passed in 1531?
A 'Poor Law' was passed, which ordered vagrants to be whipped.
105
Who were the impotent poor?
The impotent poor were people who suffered physical disability or illness, making it impossible for them to work.
106
Who licensed the impotent poor to beg?
They were licensed to beg by the Justices of the Peace (JPs).
107
What is a vagrant?
A vagrant is someone who is able-bodied and without a master or employment for three days.
108
What year was the Vagrancy Act passed?
The Vagrancy Act was passed in 1547.
109
What were the punishments for vagrants under the Vagrancy Act?
For the first offence, a 'v' was branded on the person's chest, and they could also be forced to work as a slave for the person who informed against them.
110
Why was the Vagrancy Act repealed in 1550?
It was so harsh that local authorities found it impossible to enforce.
111
What replaced the Vagrancy Act in 1552?
It was replaced with a new Poor Law.
112
What did the 1552 Poor Law require?
It required the impotent poor to be registered and parish priests/bishops to pressure those reluctant to make voluntary contributions to alms.
113
What social/economic issues occurred in the 1550s?
Bad harvests (1554-56), an influenza epidemic (1555-59), a malnourished population, and disease leading to a declining population.
114
What had the population declined to in 1561?
The population declined from 3.01 million in 1551 to 2.98 million in 1561.
115
What were the two results of the 1550s economic crisis?
1. Lack of available food led to higher prices, affecting the poorest peasants and causing immense poverty and vagrancy. 2. The decline in population pushed up wages, allowing skilled survivors to demand higher wages.
116
What was the Statute of Artificers?
It was the first attempt by the central government to produce legislation addressing various problems with a more holistic approach.
117
What were the main terms of the Statute of Artificers?
1. All unmarried under 30 had to accept any job offered. 2. JPs could force able-bodied individuals to work the land. 3. Everyone aged 12-60 had to work on the land (except gentry). 4. Wages were set by JPs. 5. Work hours were fixed. 6. Apprenticeship was set at 7 years for skilled professions.
118
How significant was the Statute of Artificers?
It was significant as it awarded more importance to the JPs, enhanced the status of apprenticeships, emphasized the need for every person to have a master, and highlighted the importance of food production.
119
Was the Statute of Artificers successful?
It did not solve all issues by 1572, 1576, and 1598, and poor laws remained necessary.
120
What was the Poor Law of 1598?
It was the culmination of previous Tudor legislation addressing vagrancy and poverty, making contributions to poor relief compulsory.
121
What is a Private Bill?
A bill introduced to parliament by an individual MP, attempting to pass legislation on a local or social/economic issue.
122
What did the new Act for Relief of the Poor introduce?
It introduced the post of overseer of the poor for each parish, assessing poor relief needs and supervised by JPs with additional powers.
123
What other acts were introduced alongside the Act for the Relief of the Poor?
The 1598 Vagabonds Act and the Act for the Relief of Soldiers and Marines.
124
What was the result of the 1598 Poor Law?
It established a national system of relief for the poor, making contributions to poor relief compulsory.
125
When did the 1598 Poor Law last until?
It lasted until 1834.
126
What is patronage?
The granting of land or titles by the monarchy in return for support.
127
What was the relationship between monarchy and nobility like in the Medieval period?
The nobility were traditional military leaders, with power based on ownership of landed estates.
128
How did the relationship between the monarchy and nobility change during the Tudor period?
It became corrupted, with nobility rising against their monarchs, and their power based on access to the monarch.
129
What was Henry VII's general attitude towards the nobility?
He was distrustful and reluctant to reward many, preferring a small group of trusted nobility, gentry, and lawyers.
130
Who did Henry VII trust and promote?
He trusted his uncle Jasper Tudor, promoting him to control Wales and the Marches and elevating him to Duke of Bedford.
131
Who was rewarded by Henry VII and how?
Administrators like Sir Reginald Bray were rewarded by being made royal councillors and acquiring land.
132
What was Sir Reginald Bray rewarded with?
He was made royal councillor and Chancellor of the Duchy at Lancaster, acquiring land in 18 counties.
133
Which members outside Henry VII's inner circle had to work hard to earn his trust?
Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey, fought against Henry at the Battle of Bosworth but was later restored and sent to run the North.
134
How did the relationship between Henry VIII and the nobility differ from that of Henry VII?
Henry VIII was less distrustful and often favored companions who shared his pastimes.
135
Who was Sir William Compton and how did he rise to success?
He was Gentleman of the Chamber and Groom of the Stool, with his income increasing significantly and acquiring grants of royal lands.
136
Who was Charles Brandon and how was he rewarded by Henry VIII?
He was awarded the title of Duke of Suffolk and married Henry's daughter Mary without permission.
137
Why was Brandon forced to give up lands in East Anglia after 1536?
He was granted estates in Lincolnshire instead due to political unrest and the need for royal presence in the North.
138
How was the role of the nobility under Henry VIII starting to change?
Power and influence began to depend on access to the king rather than landed estates.
139
How did William Paget and Thomas Wriothesley rise to the top?
They rose due to their legal abilities and became Baron Paget and Earl of Southampton.
140
Who was executed for treason in 1521?
The Duke of Buckingham.
141
Why did the sale of monastic lands help strengthen the royal position?
It increased the nobility's share of income from land and significantly raised Crown income.
142
Who was Sir John Russell and what was his significance?
He gained land from Henry Courtenay and became Baron Russell and Earl of Bedford under Edward.
143
What problems were caused by Henry VIII's use of patronage?
An ageing king lost grasp on affairs, leading to increased faction rivalry.
144
What was the conflict between Edward Seymour and the Duke of Norfolk?
Edward Seymour supported reformists while the conservative faction was led by the Duke of Norfolk.
145
How did Edward use patronage?
He employed a complex system of connections tying the center and localities together.
146
Who was William Cecil and why was he important?
He was Lord Treasurer until 1596 and played a significant role in government.
147
Who was one of Elizabeth I's favourites?
Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, was a favourite and potential husband for Elizabeth.
148
How did Elizabeth I extend royal power into the localities?
She imposed southern 'outsiders' on the North to manage local governance.
149
What event happened in 1569 due to resentment of the northern lords?
The Revolt of the Northern Earls.
150
What happened to the Council of the North after 1569?
It was reformed with a Puritan Earl of Huntingdon as the head.
151
Why did Elizabeth's system of patronage begin to break down in the 1590s?
She began to lose control as she aged, resulting in a breakdown of governance.
152
What did the rivalry between the Cecils and Essex lead to?
Essex attempted to surround the court with supporters due to his lack of control.
153
Why did Tudor monarchs use progress?
To see and be seen by the people, solidifying support for the crown.
154
What is a royal progress?
A journey made by the monarch and court to visit and stay in the mansions of favoured courtiers.
155
Why were progresses important for Tudor monarchs?
They increased visibility and showcased the power and wealth of the Court.
156
How did Henry VII use royal progress?
He moved around to assert authority, especially during rebellions.
157
How did Henry VIII use royal progress?
He went on progresses to escape London and pursue pastimes, taking a large court with him.
158
How did Edward VI use royal progress?
He did not go on progress due to his youth and later ill health.
159
How did Mary I use royal progress?
She rarely went on progress because of her ill health.
160
How did Elizabeth I use royal progress?
She went on progress nearly every summer, saving money by being hosted by local government.
