32-37 Cardiovascular system

Question 1

What is increased Cardiac output?

Answer 1

The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle per minute (L/min).

Question 2

As exercise intensity goes up, does cardiac output also go up?

Answer 2

Yes

Question 3

Cardiac ouput formula：

Answer 3

Q = HR x SV.

Question 4

Cardiac ouput at rest:

Answer 4

HR ≈ 70 bpm, SV ≈ 70 mL/beat → (Q˙=HR×SV) Q (cardiac output) ≈ roughly 5 L/min

Question 5

Cardiac Output (Q) at submaximal Exercise

Answer 5

HR increases then plateaus at steady state to meet demand.

Question 6

What percentage of your max heart rate should a submaximal activity be at?

Answer 6

= 70 – 85 % of MHR

Question 7

What is steady state:

Answer 7

When oxygen supply meets the body’s demand during submaximal activity.

Question 8

Cardiac output at submaximal exercise.

Answer 8

HR Approx ≈ 140 bpm, SV peak about ≈ 120 mL/beat → Q ≈ 16–17 L/min

Question 9

Cardiac Output (Q) at maximal intensities

Answer 9

High intense intensity. Maximal Intensities = 85 - 95 % of MHR

Question 10

At maximal activity, increased cardiac output is due to?

Answer 10

Higher heart rate, since stroke volume levels off at 40–60% of max effort.

Question 11

Important info for cardiac output:

Answer 11

Question 12

Average blood pressure at rest

Answer 12

BP at rest 120/80 mmHg (Systolic/Diastolic)

Question 13

Blood pressure maximum systolic

Answer 13

Under maximal intensity, systolic BP can reach around200mm

Question 14

Diastolic blood pressure:

Answer 14

Remains unchanged

Question 15

Increased blood flow

Answer 15

HR, SV, and Q increase → faster blood flow.

Question 16

blood vessel diameter

Answer 16

Vessels widen (vasodilation) to increase flow.

Question 17

Blood flow redistribution

Answer 17

More blood goes to muscles, less to gut/kidneys.

Question 18

How Blood flow redistribution is achieved:

Answer 18

Muscle vessels dilate, non-essential ones constrict.

Question 19

Blood flow to muscles resting and during exercise:

Answer 19

Rest 1.5l/min (16%)
During exercise 10l/min (84%)

Question 20

Decreased Blood Volume

Answer 20

blood volume goes down as there is a decrease in blood plasma levels. Caused by fluid loss via sweat and energy by-products.

Question 21

how to determine decreased blood volume:

Answer 21

It depends on exercise intensity, duration, hydration, temperature, and humidity.

Question 22

Increased Arteriovenous Oxygen difference (a-VO2 diff)

Answer 22

O₂ difference between arteries & veins (mL/100mL blood)

Question 23

During exercise in (a-VO2 diff)

Answer 23

Muscles take more O₂ → larger difference than at rest.

Question 24

Systolic pressure:

Answer 24

The pressure in your arteries when your heart beats and pushes blood out. It’s the top number in a blood pressure reading (e.g., 120/80).

Question 25

Diastolic pressure:

Answer 25

Diastolic pressure: The pressure in your arteries when your heart is resting between beats and refilling with blood. It's the bottom number (e.g., 120/80).