3.2 Carbohydrates

Question 1

What is teh carbon, hydrogen oxygen ratio?

Answer 1

CH2O

Question 2

What is the formula for glucose, galactose and fructose?

Answer 2

C6H12O6

Question 3

What are the 2 functions of carbohydrateS?

Answer 3

1. provide energy for the cell primarily through glucose
2. structural support for plants, fungi and arthropods (insects, spiders and crustaceans)

Question 4

Aldose (Aldehyde sugar)

Answer 4

carbonyl group at the end of the chain

Question 5

Ketose (Ketone sugar)

Answer 5

carbonyl group in the middle of the sugar chain

Question 6

Describe cellular respiration

Answer 6

glucose- ATP
excess glucose- starch

Question 7

What are the 3 monosaccharides?

Answer 7

glucose, galactose and fructose

Question 8

Describe glucose alpha postion

Answer 8

hydroxyl group below carbon

Question 9

describe glucose beta postion

Answer 9

hydroxyl group above carbon

Question 10

Glycosidic linkage

Answer 10

covalent bond b/w carb molec. & another

Question 11

what are the 3 disaccharides?

Answer 11

lactose, maltose, sucrose

Question 12

lactose

Answer 12

glucose & galactose; milk

Question 13

Maltose

Answer 13

malt sugar; 2 glucose molecules

Question 14

What are the 4 examples of polysaccharides?

Answer 14

starch, glycogen. cellulose and chitin

Question 15

Starch

Answer 15

stored form of sugar in plants; has two types; amylose, amylopectin; highly branched

Question 16

Where is starch stored in plants?

Answer 16

in plastids ( cellular structyrea); includes chloroplasts

Question 17

what is starch broken down by?

Answer 17

salivary amylase which becomes smaller molec- maltose & glucose; cell absorbs glucose

Question 18

Amylose

Answer 18

starch formed by unbranched chains of glucose monomer

Question 19

amylopectin

Answer 19

branched polysaccharide

Question 20

Glycogen

Answer 20

storage form of glucose in humans & other vertebrates; monomers of glucose
highly branched; stored in liver & muscle cells

Question 21

What is function of glycogen in the body?

Answer 21

blood glucose decreases; glycogen broken down- glucose (glycogenolysis)

Question 22

Cellulose

Answer 22

abundant natural bipolymer; cell walls of plants- structural support; found in wood and paper; made up of glucose monomers with beta glycosidic linkages
helps in bowel movement

Question 23

describe cellulose

Answer 23

every other monomer is flipped, allowing to pack tightly as long chains–> gives it rigidity and high tensile strength; cannot be broken down by human enzymes; made only by beta linkages

Question 24

What animals have the ability to break down cellulose?

Answer 24

herbivores w/ specialized flora in their stomach
animals; w/ bacteria & protists in the digestive system
grazing animals: appendix contains the bacteria
termites

Question 25

Chitin

Answer 25

contains nitrogen makes exoskeleton-outer shell in Arthropods for protection made up of N-acetyl- B-a glucoasmine major component of fungal cell walls

Question 26

how does cellulose remove excess cholesterol?

Answer 26

fiber binds to cholesterol in the small intestine 7 exists the body via feces to prevent cholesterol from entering the bloodstream

Question 27

What is the difference between beta glucose and galactose?

Answer 27

In galactose, the OH is on the top for both sides. In beta glucose, only one OH is on the top.

Question 28

sucrose

Answer 28

fructose & gluose

Question 29

What are isomers?

Answer 29

Molecules that have the same chemical formula but have different arrangements

Question 30

Give examples of isomers

Answer 30

sucrose, lactose, and maltose glucose, galactose, and fructose

Question 31

What is the formula for disaccharides

Answer 31

C12H22O11

Question 32

Why is the formula for disaccharides C12H22O11?

Answer 32

One water is removed in the formation in order for dehydration synthesis to occur.

Question 33

What makes the sugars polar?

Answer 33

The hydroxyl group

Question 34

What is the chemical formula for monosaccharides?

Answer 34

CH2O

Question 35

What is the ring form of fructose?

Answer 35

has 6 carbons, but shape is a pentagon. 4 of the carbons directly form the ring; 2 of the carbons sit outside the ring.

Question 36

What is the structure of starch?

Answer 36

is linked in long chains with a small amount of branching

Question 37

What is the structure of glycogen?

Answer 37

Linked in many branching chains

Question 38

What is the ring form of cellulose?

Answer 38

Long single chains that pack tightly together

Question 39

What is the bacterial cell wall made out of?

Answer 39

Peptidoglycan