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AP Biology > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Purpose of photosynthesis

A

to convert solar energy into glucose (chemical energy)

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2
Q

What does photosynthesis occur in?

A

plants, algae & other protists, cyanobacteria and some prokaryotes

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3
Q

Photosynthesis chemical equation

A

6CO2+6H2O+Light energy–> C6H12O6+6O2

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4
Q

List the level of organiztion in plants:

A

Leaf-Mesophyll-Chloroplast-Thylakoid-Chlorophyll

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5
Q

Define the cuticle

A

waxy covering that protects the leaf from excess water loss

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6
Q

Define the upper epidermis

A

outer layer of cells for protection

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7
Q

Define the palisade mesophyll

A

light collection by closely packed rows of palisade mesophyl (2 rows may be in present in plants adapted to low light)

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8
Q

Define the spongy mesophyll

A

adapted gas exchange–> loosely packed fewer chloroplasts than palisade cels, and have intercellular air spaces where gases collect & mix - they do less photosynthesis

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9
Q

define the function of guard cells

A

controls the amount of water and air entering and exiting the leaf , when guard cell fills with water stoma closes

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10
Q

Define stoma

A

small openings in the underside of the leaf that allow entry of gases–> when guard cells fill with water= stoma closes

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11
Q

Define stomata

A

complex of guard cell and stoma

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12
Q

What of the chloroplast is analogous to the inner membrane?

A

thylakoid

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13
Q

what of the chloroplast is analogous to the matrix?

A

stroma

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14
Q

what of the chloroplast is analogous to the mitochondrial intermembrane space?

A

thylakoid lumen

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15
Q

What type of light drive photosynthesis? (absorbed, transmitted or reflected)

A

absorbed

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16
Q

What type of light is the most useful for photosynthesis?

A

visible light

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17
Q

What types of light do leaves absorb and which one does it reflect?

A

absorb: violet, blue, and red
reflect: green
most important wavelength is blue and red regions

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18
Q

Do shorter wavelengths have lower or higher energy?

A

Higher

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19
Q

Do longer wavelengths have lower or higher energy?

A

lower energy

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20
Q

what are the 3 types of pigment in the thylakoid?

A

chlorophyll a
chlorophyll b
carotenoids

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21
Q

What is the structure chlorophyll a?

A

-complex ring structure- porphyrin ring
has 8 smaller rings
- long hydrocarbon side chain (non polar and anchors chlorophyll in the thylakoi)

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22
Q

What atoms do the ring structure of chlorophyll are composed of and what is the central atom?

A

carbons and nitrogens
central- magnesium

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23
Q

What reactions do chlorophyll a initiate? What lights does it reflect or absorb?

A

reactions- light-dependent reactions
reflect- green
absorb- blue and red

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24
Q

Describe structure of chlorophyll b

A

same as chlorophyl but has a carbonyl group instead of carboxyl

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25
What is another difference between chlorophyll and b
b absorbs different wavelengths- appears yellow-green
26
What lights does carotenoids reflect and absorb?
absorbs: violet and blue-green light reflects- yellow and orange
27
What is the function of carotenoids?
accessory pigment can transfer energy to chlorophyll a serve as antioxidants
28
Absorption spectra of chlorophyll a
400-500 650-700
29
Absorption spectra of chlorophyll b
400-500 580-700
30
Absorption spectra of carotenoids
400-510
31
Action spectrum of rate of photosynthesis
decreases during green light
32
Describe Engelmann's experiment
most photosynthetically active regions will have highest concentrations of bacteria which was mainly in the regions of red and violet light showing they had the most photosynthetic activity. Green light did not have any
33
Where does the light dependent reactions take place?
thylakoid membrane
34
beginning molecules of light-dependent reactions
Light, CO2, NADP+, ADP and H2O
35
enzymes of light-dependent reactions
NADP+ reductase - reduces NADP+ to NADPH magnese containing enzyme splits water
36
End products of light dependent reactions
NADPH and ATP and O2
37
Photosystem II
1st absorbs wavelength at 680 nm
38
photosystem I
absorb wavelength at 700 nm
39
What is the first step of light dependent reactions
light strikes PSII in teh ligth harvesting complex and passes through each pigment to reach chlorophyll a in P680 causing the electron to get excited & reach a higher energy level. Then, the electron is accepted by primary electron acceptor.
40
What happens to PSII when the electron is lost?
water is split into 2 e-, 2H+, and 1/2O2. Those electrons replace the ones that left
41
What happens to the electrons that went off to the primary electron acceptor?
Excited electrons move from primary electron acceptor of PSII through ETC to PSI
42
What happens to the electrons in PSI?
light hits pSI and energy is transferred to reaction enter and joins the p700 pair of chlorophyll which excites them. Lost electron get replaced by electron from PSII. The PSI electrons go to ETX
43
What happens to the electrons after PSI
They move through the ETC and to the outside into the stroma and get accepted by NADP+ reducing it to NADPH by enzyme NADP+ reductase
44
Describe the process of chemiosmosis in light dependent reactions?
electrons passing (exergonic) powers the active transport of H+ from the stroma to the thylakoid lumen (endergonic). pH of lumen decreases. H+ diffuse through ATP synthase (exergonic) powers the making of ATP (ADP+P0
45
What are the 2 parts photosystems have?
reaction center and light harvesting complex
46
define reaction center
made of chlorophyll a and primary electron acceptor
47
define light harvesting complex
protein and chlorophyll
48
What’s the basic difference between the mitochondrial etc chain and the chloroplast?
there are 2 in chloroplast
49
where does the calvin cycle take place?
stroma of chloroplast
50
beginning molecules of calvin cycle
ATP, NADPH, and CO2
51
End products of calvin cycle
G3P
52
What are the 3 steps of the calvin cycle?
carbon fixation reduction regenertaion
53
describe carbon fixation
CO2 molecule combines with RuBP (5 carbon acceptor molecules) --> split into 2 molecules of 3-PGA . reaction is catalyzed by rubisco
54
define reduction
NADPH donates electrons (reduced) a 3 carbon intermediate to make G3P (3 carbons sugar)
55
define regeneration
some G3P molecules go onto make glucose and while other must be recycled to regenerate RuBP acceptor. ATP is necessary
56
How many turns of the calvin cycle is necessary to make 1 G3P?
3 turns
57
How many turns of the calvin cycle is necessary to make glucose?
6 turns
58
What are the names of the plants (general class name) that use the normal Calvin cycle?
C3 plants
59
What the two problems plants face?
1. plants risk losing CO2 and water bc of the open stoma 2, rubisco is fickle will bind to CO2 and O2 depending on the abundance of either
60
define photorespiration
wasteful process for plants because Rubisco binds with O2 instead of CO2, which prevents glucose production--> carbon fixation won't occur
61
what are the 2 plants that deal with this problem?
C4 plants and CAM plants
62
How do C4 deal with the problem?
structured solution- incorporates CO2 into 4 carbon compound in mesophyll cells and those 4 carbon compounds are exported to bundle sheath cells and release CO2 for usage in calvin cycle --> PEP carboxylase is used
63
How do CAM plants deal with this issue?
stomata opens at night to load CO2 and closes during day to perform calvin cycles
64
define photons
a tiny particle that comprises waves of electromagnetic radiation. It causes an electron to get excited
65
difference between absorption of ligth and transmitted
absorption: when light strikes and its energy is absorbed by the material transmitted- passing of light w/o absorption
66
At which measure does PSII absorb the best?
680 nm
67
At which measure does PSI absorb the best?
700 nm
68
Light intensity effect on photosynthesis
increase until chlorophyll get damaged light-dependent reactions doesn't depend on temperature
69
CO2 effect on photosynthesis
increase CO2 = increased rate of photosyntheiss, plateus until max fixation is reached
70
Temperature effect on photosynthesis
light independent reactions depend on heat because of enzymes increases until optimal temperature is met; denatures when temperature exceeds that

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