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AP Biology > Unit 7: Natural Selection > Flashcards

Unit 7: Natural Selection Flashcards

(AP key concepts)

1
Q

When does speciation occur?

A

When population are reproductively isolated from each other.

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2
Q

What is the biological species concept?

A

Species are a group capable of interbreeding and exchanging genetic information to produce viable, fertile offspring.

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3
Q

What is punctuated equilibrium?

A

Evolution occurs rapidly after a long period of stasis, periods of minimal to no change.

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4
Q

What is gradualism?

A

Evolution occurs slowly over hundreds/thousands/millions of years.

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5
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

Evolution of new species through the process of geographic isolation over a long period of time.

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6
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

Evolution of a new species due to individuals being reproductively isolated from a surviving ancestral population.

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7
Q

How do pre-zygotic mechanisms impact speciation?

A

They prevent sperm and egg from meeting

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8
Q

How do post-zygotic mechanisms impact speciation?

A

They prevent a zygote from developing into a viable, fertile offspring.

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9
Q

What is speciation?

A

The creation of new species.

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10
Q

What does speciation result in?

A

Diversity of life forms.

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11
Q

What are the effects of allopatric speciation?

A

No gene flow. Exposes populations to different selection pressures.

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of sympatric speciation?

A

No geographic barrier. Can result from genetic mutations, polyploidy, habitat differentiation, and sexual selection.

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13
Q

What is the stimulus for evolution?

A

Changing ecological conditions.

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14
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

Evolution of new species that allows empty ecological roles or niches to be filled.

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15
Q

What factors lead to extinction?

A

Catastrophic changes to an ecosystem; Human activity; Invasive species.

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16
Q

How do environmental changes increase risk of extinction?

A

Mass destruction can result in habitat loss. Catastrophic events can wipe out many organisms.

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17
Q

How do speciation and extinction rates impact species diversity?

A

High species biodiversity can result from high levels of speciation and low levels of extinction and vice versa.

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18
Q

How does extinction create new niches?

A

When a species goes extinct, it leaves an open niche for another species to occupy.

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19
Q

What is extinction?

A

Complete disappearance of a species

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20
Q

What are the 5 pieces of evidence that support evolution?

A

geological- fossils; changes of environmental feature
geographical
physical- phenotypes
biochemical- chemical composition of living things
mathematic

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21
Q

How are fossils dated?

A

dated through age of rock
decay of isotopes
geological data

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22
Q

What demonstrates common ancestry for eukaryotes

A

membrane bound organelles
linear chromosomes
genes with introns

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23
Q

Lamarck Evolution

A

evolution through inheritance of acquired traits

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24
Q

Darwinian evolution

A

natural selection
–> mutation: longer neck giraffes survived and shorter neck died

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25
Q

What allows evolution?

A

Mutation–> favorable traits accumulating/ struggle for survival, inherited trait

26
Q

what are the two types of dating for fossils?

A

relative: layer of soil fossil is found in
absolute:radioactive isotopes (carbon 14 decrease after death)

27
Q

Define half-time

A

how much time it takes for half of carbon to disappear

28
Q

Define homologous structures

A

organisms with genetically similar structures= common ancestor
common genes and similar anatomy but different environments and functions

29
Q

Divergent evolution

A

common genes but different environments and purpose

30
Q

define analogous structures

A

same function anatomically different; don’t share a common ancestor

31
Q

define convergent evolution

A

don’t share a common ancestry
but developed similar functions

32
Q

define endemic species

A

found in one place

33
Q

embryology

A

vertebraes embryos look similar

34
Q

define stabilizing selection

A

average/immediate phenotype was selection; extremes selected against
e.g. birthweight

35
Q

define disruptive selection

A

extreme phenotype was selected and average against

36
Q

define directional selection

A

one of the types of the extreme was selected

37
Q

define sexual selection

A

females choose male that is more superior

38
Q

name 10 sources of variation

A

mutations
diploidy
outrbreeding
sexual reproduction
gene flow
chromosomal mutations
nondisjunction
DNA mutations
transient polymorphism
balanced polymorphism

39
Q

define diploidy

A

2 or more alleles

40
Q

define outbreeding

A

mating with unrelated partners

41
Q

gene flow

A

immigration/ emigration of individuals leaving or coming with diff. allele frequencies

42
Q

define transient polymorphism

A

a phenotype dominant, but a new phenotype becomes more dominant due to environmental changes

43
Q

define balanced polymorphism

A

maintenance of different phenotypes
e.g. carrier of sickle cell

44
Q

conditions of hardy-weinberg equilibrium

A
  1. large population
  2. no mutation
  3. no gene flow of allees
  4. random mating
  5. no natural selectio
45
Q

p=

A

frequency of dominant allele

46
Q

p^2

A

frequency of homozygous dominant genotype

47
Q

q=

A

frequency of recessive allel

48
Q

q^2

A

frequency of homozygous recessive genotype

49
Q

allopatric speciation

A

physical

50
Q

ecological speciation

A

live in same region, different habitat

51
Q

define temporal isolation

A

different mating seasons

52
Q

behavioral speciation

A

courtship dance

53
Q

mechanical isolation

A

mismatch genetalia

54
Q

gametic isoation

A

gamete may not fertilize egg

55
Q

origins of life explain

A

how organic compounds could come from inorganic precursors & then organic compounds undergoing further changes to form primitive cell-like structures

56
Q

What did the urey-miller experiment do?

A

tested the origins of life hypothesis; shown under lab conditions can stimulate the conditions of early Earth & organic molecules from inorganic substances

57
Q

RNA world hypothesis

A

a theory trying to figure out if DNA or RNA existed–> RNA came before DNA

58
Q

define a niche

A

organism’s role in environment

59
Q

define deleterious traits

A

traits that reduce chance of survival

60
Q
A

AP Biology (38 decks)

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