Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology Module 3 > 3.2 Transport In Animals - Blood Vessels - Transporting O2 > Flashcards

3.2 Transport In Animals - Blood Vessels - Transporting O2 Flashcards

(90 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

How many types of blood vessels are there?

A

There are 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the five types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the components of blood vessels?

A

Elastic fibres
Smooth muscles
Collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are elastic fibres?

A

-These are made of elastin
-They stretch and recoil
-produce the vessel with flexibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

-contracts and relaxes
-changes the size of the lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is collagen?

A

-provides structural support to maintain shape and volume of the vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

From inside out, what’s the structure of an artery?

A

Lumen - 4000 micrometers
Elastic layer - 330 micrometers
Smooth muscle - 420 micrometers
Collagen - 150 micrometers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

From inside out, what’s the structure of a vein?

A

Lumen - 12000 micrometers
Elastic layer - 39 micrometers
Smooth muscle - 180 micrometers
Collagen - 220 micro meters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

From inside out what’s the structure of a capillary?

A

Lumen - 9.5 micro meters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What’s the function at an artery?

A

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart under high pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What’s the structure of arteries in terms of elastic fibres?

A

-Thicker elastic layer
This enables them to withstand pressure and force and lets them stretch and recoil
Evens out the surgery from the pumping heart and allows a continuous blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does collagen do for arteries?

A

Collagen provides structure and support
Maintains shape and volume
This limits the stretcg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does smooth muscle do for arteries?

A

Smooth muscle contracts and reload to change the size of the lumen
This controls blood pressure
It also provides strength to withstand the pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does smooth endothelial lining do for arteries?

A

Allows blood to flow easily over it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What’s the difference between arteries and arterioles?

A

-Arterioles have more smooth muscle and less elastic fibres
-little pulse surge
-constrict and dilate to control blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What’s the function of capillaries?

A

Allow substances to be exchanged and diffuse between blood, tissue fluids and surrounding cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What’s the structure of capillaries?

A

The walls are one cell thick
Short diffusion distance
Small enough to form network needed to exchange substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Function of veins and venules?

A

-Veins carry blood back in to the heart
-They have no pulse surge
-The blood in veins is under less pressure
-It has to move against gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the structure of veins and venules?

A

-Thinner elastic layer
-No stretch/ recoil/ pulse
-They have valves to prevent back flow
-They have more collagen than arteries to give structural support as they carry large volumes of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why do veins have more collagen than arteries?

A

To give structural support as they carry large volumes of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How many venules split from one vein?

A

Several

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why would a vein become varicose?

A

If a vein wall becomes weakened, valves may no longer close properly.
This would allow back flow of blood
This would cause the vein to bridge enlarged and bumpy
Becoming varicose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens to blood pressure in the arteries during diastole?

A

The blood pressure in arteries drips
The elastic recoil or the matter walls help force the blood on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What’s the average amount of blood an adult has?

A

4-6 litres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Whats the ratio in blood between plasma and cells?
55% plasma 45% cells
26
How much of plasma is water?
92%
27
What does plasma carry?
RBC WBC Platelets Dissolved glucose Amino acids Mineral ions Hormones Large plasma proteins
28
What are the three important plasma proteins?
Albumin Fibrinogen Globulins
29
What is albumin?
Plasma protein Important in maintaining the osmotic potential of the blood
30
What is fibrinogen?
Plasma protein Important in blood clotting
31
What is globulin?
A plasma protein Involved in the immune system
32
What’s the total volume of blood in the human body?
5dm
33
What’s the avg number of red blood cells?
2.5 X 10 ^15
34
Avg number of white blood cells?
5 X 10 ^11
35
Avg number of platelets
6 X 10 ^12
36
What’s the diameter of a RBC
6-8 micro meters
37
Why is to good that RBCs are small In terms of diffusion?
Haemoglobin is very close to the plasma membrane As a result oxygen is loaded and unloaded very quickly in and out of the cell
38
Does tissue fluid have plasma proteins?
No
39
How is tissue fluid formed?
Former by plasma leaking out of capillaries
40
What does tissue fluid do?
-Surrounds the cells in the tissues -Supplies them with oxygen and nutrients
41
I hate the hydrostatic pressure like at the arterial end of a capillary?
At the arterial end of a capillary, the blood is at a relatively high hydrostatic pressure
42
What is ultrafiltration?
When pressure pushes blood fluid out of the capillaries through the capillary wall The fluid leaves through tiny pores between the endothelial cells in the capillary wall
43
What is hydrostatic pressure?
The pressure that a fluid exerts when pushing against the sides of a vessel or container
44
What is the blood pressure at the venous end of the capillary like?
The blood pressure on much lower at the venous end
45
What does low blood pressure at the venous end of the capillary mean for waste substances?
Allows some of the tissue fluid to return to the capillary carrying carbon dioxide and other waste substances into the blood
46
When blood pressure is low and tissue fluid returns to the the blood, where does some of it go?
Around 10% of the tissue fluid is directed into the lymphatic system
47
What is oncotic pressure?
The pressure created by the osmotic effects of the solutes most notably the plasma protein albumin
48
What does the oncotic pressure of blood depend on?
The oncotic pressure of the blood depends only on the concentration of large plasma proteins because the other solutes can pass out. This means there’s an imbalance of large plasma proteins between blood and tissue fluid which results in oncotic tissue fluid
49
Oncotic pressure What is the impact of plasma proteins not being able to leave the capillary?
Created a low water potential in the capillary Lower than in tissue fluid so by osmosis water moves into the capillary causing the pressure
50
If hydrostatic pressure is greater than oncotic pressure Where does tissue fluid go?
Tissue fluid moves OUT of the capillary
51
What happens tit issue fluid when oncotic pressure is greater than hydrostatic pressure?
Tissue fluid moves into the capillary
52
What effects whether tissue fluid is forced in and out of the capillary?
It is the net effect of hydrostatic and oncotic pressure that determines whether fluid will be forced out or back into the capillary
53
What fluid is in the lymphatic system?
Fluid in the lymphatic system is called lymph
54
What is the composition of lymph like?
The fluid in the lymphatic system is similar in composition to tissue fluid but also contains LIPIDS and LYMPHOCYTES
55
56
What are the different parts of the lymphatic system?
Lymphatic capillaries and vessels Lymph nodes Lymphatic tissue
57
What are lymph nodes?
Sac like organs They trap pathogens and foreign substances Contain large numbers of white blood cells
58
How much is an erythrocyte is Haemoglobin?
95% of the dry mass
59
What is Haemoglobin?
A large globular protein Made of 4 polypeptide chains (subunits) Each bound to one haem group
60
What ion do haem groups have?
Contains one iron ion Fe 2+
61
What happens between iron ions and oxygen molecules?
Each iron ion can reversibly combine with one oxygen molecule
62
In haemoglobin, what has a high affinity for oxygen?
The haem group
63
How many oxygen molecules can each haemoglobin molecule combine with?
Each haemoglobin molecule can bind with 4 oxygen molecules 8 oxygen atoms
64
When oxygen and haemoglobin bind, what is this?
They bind reversibly to form ocyhaemoglobin
65
What is oxygen saturation?
A measure of the percentage of oxyhaemoglobin in the blood
66
What’s the oxygen saturation in a healthy adult?
95-99%
67
Why does the concentration of free oxygen stay low in erythrocytes?
Because oxygen molecules are bound to Hb so they are taken out of solution Maintains the steep diffusion gradient
68
What is measured in kilopascals?
Oxygen concentration Partial pressure Oxygen tension (All same)
69
Define partial pressure?
Amount of pressure exerted by the gas relative to the total pressure exerted by all the gases in the mixture
70
What happens to haemoglobin affinity for oxygen as oxygen tension changes, ?
The affinity varies
71
What does it mean for Hb if there’s a high pO2?
That there is a high affinity for oxygen
72
What happens to Hb when there’s a low pO2?
Hb will have low affinity for oxygen
73
What’s the dissociation curve like for normal fluids?
With normal fluid, the concentration of oxygen is directly proportional to the oxygen tension in the surrounding air
74
Why does Hb have a low affinity for oxygen when there is a low partial pressure of O2?
Because there is a long diffusion distance This is because the harm troops that attract the oxygen are in the centre of Hb
75
When an oxygen binds to Hb, what kind of change does this make and what’s the impact?
It caused a conformational change Makes it easier for other oxygen molecules to join Increasing he affinity to oxygen This is why the dissociation curve gets steep
76
What is cooperative binding?
When the first oxygen molecule that binds to Hb and caused a conformational change and makes it more wiser for each successive oxygen molecule to bind
77
Why does the Hb dissociation curve kinda get a bit flat at the top?
As Hb approaches 100% saturation: it gets harder for more oxygen molecules to join The Hb molecules are becoming full Therefore the curve levels off
78
What’s the general rule about the dissociation curve?
The greater the partial pressure of oxygen, the greater the saturation of Hb
79
What affects haemoglobin affinity for oxygen?
Physical factors Chemical factors Such as temperature and pH
80
What happens to dissociation curve when there’s an increase in CO2?
Increase in co2 in tissue reduces its pH A change in pH can affect the tertiary structure of Hb
81
What’s the relationship between haemoglobins affinity for oxygen and the pH?
The lower the pH, the lower the affinity for oxygen At all partial pressures Known as the Bohr Shift
82
What is the Bohr shift?
The effect of high CO2 concentration on Hb’s affinity for oxygen It all shift to the right as it has less affinity since CO2 lowered the pH
83
What happens to Hb’s affinity for oxygen when the temperature slightly decreases?
When the temperature decreases The affinity for oxygen is higher
84
What does the effect of temperature on Hb’s affinity for oxygen mean for hypothermia?
Hypothermia reduced the bloods ability to release oxygen into metabolising tissue
85
What’s different about foetal Hb and adult Hb?
Foetal Hb has a higher affinity for oxygen
86
Why does foetal Hb need a higher affinity for oxygen than adult Hb?
It is vital because it allows a foetus to obtain oxygen from its mothers blood at the placenta
87
On a graph how would foetal haemoglobin look?
To the left of normal dissociation curve
88
What is myoglobin?
Myoglobin is a molecule with a similar structure to haemoglobin But has only 1 haem group
89
What is myoglobins affinity for oxygen like?
-Myoglobin has a very high affinity for oxygen -Even at very low partial pressures -This means oxymyoglobin will only dissociate when oxygen levels are very low
90
Where do you find myoglobin?
In muscle cells Like the cardiac cells They act as oxygen reserves -dissociating from oxygen when it is most needed

Biology Module 3 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions