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Biology Module 3 > 4.1 Exchange Surfaces > Flashcards

4.1 Exchange Surfaces Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main materials that all organisms need to exchange?

A

Oxygen and nutrients
Waste products

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2
Q

What are features of an effective exchange surface?

A

-short diffusion pathway
-good blood supply
-high SA:V ratio
-good ventilation

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3
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

The throat

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4
Q

What is the larynx?

A

The voice box

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5
Q

What is the structure of the trachea?

A

Open pipe supported by a layer of cartilage

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6
Q

Why does the trachea have cartilage?

A

The cartilage holds the trachea open and prevents it collapsing

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7
Q

Why does the trachea have incomplete rings of cartilage?

A

Allows it to bend when the food goes down the oesophagus behind it

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8
Q

What are the gaps in the cartilage in the trachea filled with?

A

Smooth muscle and elastic fibres

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9
Q

What’s smooth muscle?

A

You have no conscious control over smooth muscle

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10
Q

What’s good about the nasal cavity?

A

-large surface area
-good blood supply- warms the air up

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11
Q

What’s good about the nose having moist services?

A

Makes it more moist
Decreases evaporation of water from what’s already in the lungs

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12
Q

What’s the difference between the bronchus and bronchi?

A

Bronchus- singular
Bronchi- plural

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13
Q

What’s the structure of the bronchi?

A

Similar structure to the trachea but smaller
Incomplete rings of cartilage

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14
Q

What’s the diameter of the bronchioles?

A

1mm or less

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15
Q

What holds the bronchioles open?

A

Smooth muscle

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16
Q

In bronchioles what is the epithelium?

A

Thin layer of communal/cuboidal epithelial tissues making some gas exchange possible

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17
Q

What do histamines do?

A

Cause goblet cells to secrete more mucus

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18
Q

What are the alveoli made of?

A

Made of a thin layer of squamous epithelial cells as well as collagen and elastic fibres

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19
Q

How big in diameter are alveoli?

A

200-300 micrometers
0.2-0.3mm

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20
Q

In alveoli, what is the function of elastic fibres?

A

Allow stretch and recoil

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21
Q

In alveoli what is surfactant used for?

A

Reduce surface tension at air/water interface to prevent surfaces sticking
Therefore stopping alveoli collapsing

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22
Q

In the alveoli what are adaptations for exchange?

A

Elastic fibres allow for stretch and recoil

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23
Q

Where will you find cartilage?

A

Trachea
Bronchus
Big bronchioles

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24
Q

Where will you find smooth muscle?

A

Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchioles

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25
Where will you find elastic fibres?
Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
26
Where will you find goblet cells/ glandular tissues?
Trachea Bronchus Bigger bronchioles
27
Where will you find ciliated epithelium?
Trachea Bronchus Big bronchioles
28
What’s the function of cartilage?
Holds airway open
29
What’s the function of smooth muscle?
Contracts/relaxes to regulate air way size
30
What’s the function of elastic fibres?
Elastic recoil of airways
31
What’s the function of goblet cells: glandular tissue?
Secrete mucus
32
What’s the function of ciliated epithelium?
Moves mucus up throat
33
What happens to diaphragm when Inspiring?
It contracts Flattens
34
What’s happens to external intercostals when inspiring?
Contractions
35
What happens to the volume of chest cavity when inspiring?
Volume increases
36
What happens to the pressure in chest cavity when inspiring?
The pressure decreases Lower than the air pressure outside the lungs
37
When inspiring what direction is the air drawn?
Inwards
38
What happens to the diaphragm when you exhale?
It relaxes
39
When in breathing are the internal intercostal muscles contracted?
When forcefully expiring
40
When are the external intercostals muscles used when breathing?
When forcefully inhaling
41
When would you use the internal and external intercostals?
External intercostals- forcefully inhaling Internal intercostals- forcefully exhaling
42
In the bell jar model, what are three limitations of it?
-sides of the Bell jar can’t move -can’t model the rib cage movement Can not model the muscle contractions
43
What does a peak flow meter measure?
The rate at which air is expelled from the lungs
44
What measures the rate at which air is expelled from the lungs?
Peak flow meter
45
How would you use a vitalograph?
The patient breathes out as quickly as they can- graph is produced
46
What is a spirometer?
A device that measures the movement of air in and out of the lungs as a person breathes
47
In a spirometer, what removes the carbon dioxide that is produced?
A canister of soda lime
48
What is the spirometer like?
-static lower half of the tank -mobile upper half of the tank full of O2 -breathe into the tank, the upper half will rise -markings are made
49
On a spirometer trace, why does the trace slowly go down?
Because soda lime absorbs the CO2 that is exhaled
50
What is the tidal volume?
Volume of air that moves in and out with each resting breath -around 500cm3 -15% of the vital capacity
51
What is the vital lung capacity?
-largest volume of air that can be inhaled -5000cm3 - 5dm3
52
What is the inspiratory reserve volume?
Maximum volume of air you can force out your lungs over and above the normal tidal volume you exhale
53
What is residual volume?
Volume of air left in lungs when you have exhaled as hard as possible
54
Can residual volume be measured accurately?
No Approximately measured
55
What’s is the total lung capacity?
Total capacity Potential volume Residual volume + vital capacity
56
How do you calculate the total lung capacity?
Residual volume + vital capacity
57
What is breathing rate?
Number of breaths taken a minute
58
What is ventilation rate?
Tidal volume X breathing rate How much air is inhaled a minute
59
What is an insects exoskeleton made of?
Chitin
60
Why can’t gas exchange happen on chitin?
Chitin is Impermeable to gas preventing exchange across this surface
61
What are spiracles on insects?
Small openings along the thorax and abdomen
62
What opens and closes spiracles on insects?
Sphincters
63
In insects, how big is the tracheae?
1mm in diameter
64
What’s the tracheae like in insects?
1mm in diameter Covered in chitin Chitin supports the trachea from collapsing
65
Why is the tracheae in insects covered in chitin?
To stop it from collapsing
66
In insects, what are the tracheoles like?
0.6-0.8 micrometers across Elongated cells with no chitin Gas exchange happens here Large surface area
67
Describe what happens when anaerobically respiring in an insect?
-High activity - flying -Anaerobic respiration -Tracheal fluid moves by osmosis into muscle cells -increases tracheole surface area -more efficient gas exchange
68
What is cartilage?
A form of connective tissue
69
What is ciliated epithelium?
A layer of cells that have many hair like extensions called cilia
70
What are elastic fibres?
Protein fibres that can deform and then recoil to their original size
71
What are goblet cells?
Cells that secrete mucus
72
What is smooth muscle?
Involuntary muscle that contracts without need for conscious thought
73
Does the smooth muscle in the air ways help with the breathing movement?
No the smooth muscle in the airways does not contribute to the breathing movement
74
What is breathing rate?
The number of breaths per minute
75
What is oxygen uptake?
The volume of oxygen absorbed by the lungs in one minute
76
What is tidal volume?
The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath; usually measured at rest
77
What is a spirometer? Brief description
A device that can measure the movement of air into and out of the lungs
78
What is vital capacity?
The greatest volume of air that can be expelled for the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath
79
What is the buccal cavity?
The mouth of a fish
80
What is countercurrent flow?
Where two fluids flow in opposite directions
81
What are filaments?
Slender branches of tissue that make up the gill. They are often caller primary lamellae
82
What are lamellae?
Sometimes called secondary lamellae Folds of the filament to increase surface area They are also called gill plates
83
What is the operculum?
A bony flap that covers and protects the gills
84
What is the spiracle?
An official stern Al opening or pore that allows air inhaled and out of the tracheae
85
What is tracheal fluid?
The fluid found at the ends of the tracheoles in the tracheal system
86
What is the tracheal system?
A system of air filled tuber in insects

Biology Module 3 (6 decks)

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