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IDIT Exam 1 > Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

The percentage of RBC’s out of the total blood volume

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2
Q

What percent of blood plasma is water?

A

90%

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3
Q

What does albumin do?

A

Regulates osmotic pressure

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4
Q

What do clotting proteins do?

A

Help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured

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5
Q

What substances make up the formed elements?

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

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6
Q

When are hemocytoblasts first observed?

A

In the yolk sac

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7
Q

At what point in development are stem cells seen in the liver and spleen?

A

3-7 months

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8
Q

At what point in development are stem cells seen in bone marrow?

A

7 months onward

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9
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

Red bone marrow of axial skeleton and girdles and epiphyses of the humerus and femur

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10
Q

If you discount water content how much of erythrocytes is hemoglobin?

A

97%

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11
Q

Do erythrocytes consume the oxygen they transport?

A

No, because ATP is generated anaerobically

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12
Q

What does too few RBC’s lead to?

A

Tissue hypoxia

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13
Q

What does too many RBC’s lead too?

A

Undesirable blood viscosity

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14
Q

What is erythropoiesis controlled by?

A

Iron
Amino Acids
B Vitamins
Erythropoietin (EPO)

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15
Q

What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte?

A

100-120 days

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16
Q

What happens to old erythrocytes?

A

They become rigid and fragile, and their hemoglobin begins to degenerate

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17
Q

How do leukocytes leave capillaries?

A

Via diapedesis

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18
Q

What are some examples of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

19
Q

What are some common characteristics of granulocytes?

A

Contain cytoplasmic granules that stain with Wright’s stain
Larger and shorter lived than RBC’s
Lobed nuclei

20
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Slay Bacteria

21
Q

What types of dyes do neutrophils take up?

A

Both acidic and basic which give the cytoplasm a lilac color

22
Q

What are the primary granules of neutrophils?

A

Azurophillic granules which contain lyzozyme, alpha-defensins and myeloperoxidase

23
Q

What do the secondary granules of neutrophils contain?

A

Lactoferrin

24
Q

What does myeloperoxidase do?

A

Catalyzes the reaction leading to production of hypochlorous acid and singlet oxygen.

25
Q

What percent of WBC’s are eosinophils?

A

1-3%

26
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Parasitic worms

Phagocytize immune complexes

27
Q

What are some characteristics of eosinophils?

A

Red-staining, bilobed nuclei

Red to crimson lysosome-like granules

28
Q

What percent of WBC’s are basophils?

A

0-1%

29
Q

How are the basophil nuclei shaped?

A

U or S shaped nuclei

30
Q

Describe the granules of basophils?

A

Large, purplish black

Contain histamine

31
Q

What does histamine do?

A

Inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs

32
Q

What type of receptors do basophils have?

A

IgE receptors

33
Q

Describe agranulocytes?

A

Include lymphocytes and monocytes
Lack visible granules
Structurally similar but functionally distinct

34
Q

What shape do lymphocyte nuclei have?

A

Spherical

35
Q

What shape do monocyte nuclei have?

A

Kidney-shaped

36
Q

What percent of leukocytes are monocytes?

A

4-6%

37
Q

Describe monocytes.

A

Largest leukocytes
Abundant pale-blue cytoplasm
Purple staining, U or kidney shaped nuclei

38
Q

What happens when monocytes leave circulation?

A

They enter tissue and differentiate into macrophages

39
Q

Describe macrophages.

A

Highly mobile and actively phagocytic

Activate lymphocytes

40
Q

What percent of WBC’s are lymphocytes?

A

25-35%

41
Q

What shape do lymphocyte nuclei have?

A

Large, dark-purple, circular nuclei with a thin rim of blue cytoplasm

42
Q

Where are lymphocytes usually found?

A

Enmeshed in lymphoid tissue

43
Q

Where do T lymphocytes come from?

A

Pro-thymocytes migrate to the thymus to differentiate into T lymphocytes

IDIT Exam 1 (10 decks)

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