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Biology 20 > Biology 20 Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Biology 20 Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What is excretion

A

Process of removing metabolic wastes from the body

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2
Q

What 3 things does excretion do

A

Remove cellular waste

Balance pH of blood

Maintain water balance

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3
Q

What are the 4 structures of the excretory system

A

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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4
Q

What are the kidneys

A

The bean shaped organs in the back its the sire of blood filtration

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5
Q

What’s the ureter

A

The string things leaving the kidneys bringing waste to the bladder

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6
Q

What’s the urinary bladder

A

Temporary storage for urine… Urine brought in from ureter

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7
Q

What’s the urethra

A

Brings waste (pee) from bladder out of the sysyem (where you pee out of) connected to bladder

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8
Q

Whats the renal artery

A

Brings blood to kidney

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9
Q

What’s the renal vein

A

Brings blood from kidney to heart

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10
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the kidney

A

Cortex, medulla, renal pelvis

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11
Q

What’s the cortex of the kidney

A

Outer layer where filtration happens

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12
Q

What’s the medulla of the kidney

A

Inner area where water reabsorption occurs (water leaving the nephron and entering the blood once again)

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13
Q

Whats the renal pelvis of the kidney

A

Collects waste … Joins the kidney to the ureter(string going to bladder)

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14
Q

The cortex and medulla are approximately made up of one million what

A

Nephron’s

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15
Q

What are the 8 parts of nephrons

A

Afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, glomerulus,bowman’s capsule,proximal tubule,distal tubule, collecting duct,renal pelvis

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16
Q

What’s the afferent arteriole

A

Brings blood to glomerulus (the blood entering the pile of blood in bowman’s capsule)

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17
Q

What’s the efferent arteriole

A

Leaves the glomerulus … It leaves the pile of blood in bowmans’s capsule and spreads around the nephron twisty parts

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18
Q

What’s the glomerulus

A

Ball of capillaries inside of bowman’s capsule … Site of filtration.

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19
Q

What’s bowmans capsule

A

Its the filter surrounding the glomerulis

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20
Q

Whats the proximal tubule

A

First tune in nephron it comes right after Bowman’s capsule

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21
Q

What’s the distal tubule

A

The tube that leads to the collecting duct … Near the DISTANCE lol

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22
Q

What’s the collecting duct

A

Tree branch looking thing that goes straight up and down that empties waste into renal pelvis

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23
Q

What’s the renal pelvis

A

Collecting site for all nephron’s waste our of the ureter … The middle part of the kidney with the sting attached to it like everything surrounds it and it goes down into the ureters

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24
Q

What’s the loop of henle

A

The hairpin loop in nephron’s that dips down into the medulla While the rest of the nephron is on the cortex while its deep in the medulla it releases sodium (Na… Salt), which makes it release water back into the blood stream to equalize it

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25
Q

How does the nephron’s maintain water compositions in blood

A

In the loop of Henle the sodium in the filtrate is reabsobed into the blood which th . Causes water in the filtrate to also reabsorb back into the blood to equalize or dilute the soidim salt also at the collecting duct if your dehydrated it will send even more of the water out of the urine and back into the blood because of ADH water is also reabsorbed in the proximal tubule and distal tubule to make sure its perfect

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26
Q

During urine formation what is filtration

A

Movement from blood to Bowman’s capsule

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27
Q

During urine formation what is reabsorption

A

Transferring needed nutrients back INTO the blood… Done through tubules

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28
Q

During urine formation what is secretion

A

Movement of material from blood back into nephron

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29
Q

What’s the difference between filtrate and blood

A

Filtrate does not get red/white blood cells, platelets,or proteins filtered from the blood

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30
Q

Where is glucose reabspbed in the nephron

A

Proximal tubule… Nearly everything is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule

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31
Q

What process is involved in the reabsorption of glucose

A

Glucose active transports into the capillaries/blood

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32
Q

What are other substances that get reabsorbed in the nephron

A

Sodium (salt), water , minerals,vitamins,amino acids

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33
Q

What else do nephron’s do other than excretion

A

Balance blood ph, makes blood clean, water concentration, regulates blood pressure

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34
Q

Where does filtration occur in the nephron’s

A

In the Bowman’s capsule blood leaves the glomerulus to the Bowman’s capsule

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35
Q

Describe the filtration process

A

High pressure of blood in glomerulus makes extra water,vitamins,minerals,salt, amino acids, glucose, toxins filter out of the blood and into Bowman’s capsule .. Afferent arteriole brings the blood full of that crap in and the efferent arteriole leaves without all the crap and goes to accept reabsorbed nutrients later to perfect the blood

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36
Q

Where does the efferent arteriole filled with reabsorbed nutrients eventually lead

A

To the renal vein

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37
Q

Why does water rush into the blood during reabsorption

A

Osmosis

38
Q

What gets actively transported back into the capillaries

A

Glucose, amino acids, vitamins, inorganic ions,

39
Q

What happens in the distal tubules compared to the proximal tubules

A

Distal: fine tuning reabsorption only to perfect the blood
Proximal: a lot of reabsorption goes on

40
Q

What helps regulate blood pH in nephron’s

A

Hydrogen Ion secretion .. Na+ moves into the blood and H+ moves into the tubule filtrate (urine) this makes the blood pH increase and the urine pH decrease

41
Q

What does potassium secretion (bring stuff from blood back into urine) do

A

Prevents accumulation of potassium that can create neural and muscular problems

42
Q

Some things removed from the body by secretion

A

Some drugs… Creative, potassium, penicillin, …. Hydrogen.

43
Q

Overall what is the pathway for elimination

A

Collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra, environment

44
Q

What is urine made of

A

Excess sugars and salts, excess H+ ions, urea and uric acid, excess water

45
Q

What’s ADH

A

A hormone that works to rehydrate you by absorbing note water into the blood

46
Q

Where is ADH released from

A

Pituitary gland in brain

47
Q

So what happens when your dehydrated

A

ADH tries to rehydrate you by saving water which then makes your pee have less water and then it gets darker and darker the more ADH is released

48
Q

What’s aldosterone

A

A hormone .. When you have low blood pressure there I’d an increased reabsorption of Na + which makes more water to equalize through osmosis

49
Q

Where does aldosterone act

A

Distal tubilr and collecting duct

50
Q

blood comes into the kidney through _______ and leaves through ______

A

blood come into the kidney through renal arteries and blood leaves the kidney through renal veins

51
Q

kidneys make what

A

urine

52
Q

ureters carry waste (urine) from kidneys to where

A

urinary bladder

53
Q

what is urine

A

urine is a watery solution of waste products, salts, organic compounds, uric acid and urea

54
Q

what is uric acid

A

its made from nucleic acid decomposition

55
Q

what is urea

A

its made from amino acid breakdown in the liver (comes from proteins then…)

56
Q

what two things are poisonous to the body and are always removed through pee

A

uric acid and urea

57
Q

what physically makes the urine

A

nephrons

58
Q

what is the bowman’s capsule

A

a cuplike structure that has a ball of capillaries inside of it and it surrounds the ball of capillaries and so the bowman’s capsule is used for filtration of the blood the plasma leaves the capillaries into the bowman’s capsule and then into the proximal tubule

59
Q

explain the entire tube of a nephron

A

starts with glomerulus (ball of capillaries) that has plasma filter into bowman’s capsule which then flows into the proximal tubule where a bunch of stuff is reabsorbed (put back into the bloodstream) then it goes through the loop of henle which is located more in the medulla of the kidney which is really salty and salt is reabsorbed to make water want to also get reabsorbed to dilute the sodium and then it leaves the loop of henle back into the distal tubule which is back again into more of the cortex of the kidney and at the distal tubule things are only reabsorbed to make sure the blood is perfect and then the filtrate goes into the collecting duct where it is sent to the pelvis then ureters then urinary bladder and then the toilet hazah

60
Q

blood is coming into the glomerulus from where

A

the renal artery

61
Q

the collecting duct receives urine from

A

MULTIPLE separate nephrons

62
Q

how does blood go through the capillaries and into bowman’s capsule

A

the pressure of the blood pushes plasma through all the walls

63
Q

red blood cells and large proteins do what during filtration

A

remain in the bloodstream and do not become partof the filtrate

64
Q

what leaves the proximal tubule through active transport and re-enters the bloodstream

A

salts (sodium), glucose, amino acids, water, and other useful compounds

65
Q

how do nephrons regulate blood pH

A

hydrogen ion secretion; (In distal tubule and collecting duct) … sodium moves into the bloodstream and then hydrogen moves into the urine …

66
Q

very basically; what is diabetes insipidus

A

VERY low levels of ADH

67
Q

very basically; whats diabetes mellitus

A

based around insulin levels

68
Q

Whats ADH

A

hormone thats secreted by posterior lobe of pituitary gland .. it regulates amount of urine by controlling the rate of water absorption in distal tubules

69
Q

Whats aldosterone

A

hormone from the cortex of adrenal glands .. it is the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in tubules to bring in more water to dilute the salts… regulates blood pressure

70
Q

deamination definition

A

removal of an amino group from an organic compound

71
Q

peritubular capillary definition

A

a member of the network of small blood vessels that surround the tubule of the nephron

72
Q

threshold level definition

A

minimum level of a stimulus required to produce a response; the maximum amount of a substance that can be removed across the nephron in the kidney

73
Q

interstitial fluid definition

A

the fluid that surrounds the body cells

74
Q

osmosis definiton

A

the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from higher water concentration to a lower water concentration

75
Q

active transport definition

A

movement of substances across cell membranes against a concentration gradient which uses energy

76
Q

urea definition

A

nitrogen waste formed from two molecules of ammonia and one molecule of carbon dioxide

77
Q

uric acid definition

A

a waste product formed from the breakdown of nucleic acids

78
Q

ureter definition

A

a tube that conducts urine from the kidney to the bladder

79
Q

urethra definition

A

the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body

80
Q

cortex definition

A

the outer layer of the kidney

81
Q

medulla definition

A

the area inside of the cortex of the kidney

82
Q

renal pelvis definition

A

the hollow area where the kidney joins the ureter

83
Q

nephron definition

A

a functional unit of the kidney

84
Q

afferent arteriole definition

A

a small branch of the renal artery that carries blood to the glomerulus

85
Q

glomerulus definition

A

the high pressure capillary bed that is the site of filtration

86
Q

efferent arteriole definition

A

a small branch of the renal artery that carries blood away from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries

87
Q

bowman’s capsule definition

A

the cuplike structure that surrounds the glomerulus

88
Q

proximal tubule definition

A

the section of the nephron joining the bowman’s capsule with the loop of henle

89
Q

loop of henle defintion

A

the section of the tubule that carries filtrate from the proximal tubule to the distal tubule

90
Q

distal tubule definition

A

conducts urine from the loop of henle to the collecting duct

91
Q

collecting duct definition

A

a tube that carries urine from nephrons to the renal pelvis

Biology 20 (7 decks)

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