10: Inventory Flashcards

(206 cards)

0
Q

Inventory:

Ownership of goods

A

Determination of which items are to be included in inventory

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1
Q

Inventory is defined as tangible personal property…3 possibilities

A

1 held for sale in ordinary course of business

2 In process of production for sale

3 to be used currently in production of items for sale

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2
Q

Inventory:

Ownership of goods takes into account items such as…2

A

1 Shipping terms

2 Consignments.

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3
Q

Inventory:

Cost is the determination of…

Ex.

A

Which costs are being assigned to inventory

Ex. Freight and overhead, product costs vs. Period costs

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4
Q

Inventory:

Cost flow assumptions are the determination of…

A

Costs assigned to COGS and inventory under various cost
Flow methods

Such as FIFO and LIFO

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5
Q

Inventory:

Valuation is the determination of…

A

How and when inventories should reflect their market values

Using rules such as LCM

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6
Q

The primary basis of accounting for inventories is…

2) which includes…

A

Cost

2) the cash of FMV of consideration given in exchange for it

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7
Q

Inventory cost is a function of what 2 variables?

A

1 number of units included in inventory, and

2 costs attached to those units (COGS)

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8
Q

The costs to be included in inventory include…

A

All costs necessary to prepare goods for sale

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9
Q

3 normal costs included in inventory

A

1 freight in/transportation in

2 handling costs

3 normal spoilage

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10
Q

For a manufacturing entity:

The cost of inventory includes…4 costs

A

1 direct materials
2 direct Labor
3 direct factory overhead
4 indirect factory overhead

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11
Q
For a manufacturing entity:
1 direct materials
2 direct Labor 
3 direct factory overhead
4 indirect factory overhead
Are then allocated to...
A

Work in progress and finished goods inventory account

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12
Q

For a manufacturing entity:

Variable production overhead, is allocated to…

A

Each unit of production based on actual use of production

Facilities

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13
Q

For a manufacturing entity:

Fixed overhead is allocated based on…

A

The normal capacity of production of the production facilities

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14
Q

For a manufacturing entity:

The normal capacity of the production facility is…

A

The production expected to be achieved over a number of periods
Or seasons under normal circumstances

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15
Q

For a manufacturing entity:

Normal capacity of production takes into account…

A

The loss of capacity resulting from planned maintenance

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16
Q

For a manufacturing entity:

The range of normal capacity will vary based on…

A

Business and industry specific factors

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17
Q

For a manufacturing entity:

The actual level of production may be used if it…

A

Approximates normal capacity

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18
Q

For a manufacturing entity:

unallocated fixed overhead costs are recognized…

A

As an expense in period in which they are incurred

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19
Q

Any abnormal costs for freight in, handling costs and spoilage are treated as…

A

Current period expenses and aren’t allocated to inventory

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20
Q

Interest on inventories routinely produced or repetitively produced in large quantities is…

A

Not capitalized as part of inventory cost

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21
Q

For a merchandising concern: recording of purchases

The amount used as a purchase price for goods will vary depending on whether…

A

The gross profit or net method is used for recording purchases

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22
Q

Gross method is used to…

2) the purchase discount is netted against…

A

Record the purchases, then any subsequent discount taken
Is shown as purchase discount

2) the purchases account in determining COGS

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23
Q

If the net method is used to record purchases, then any purchase discounts offered are assumed…

A

Taken and purchase account reflects the net price

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24
Net method: If subsequent to the recording of the purchases the discount is not taken (payment is tendered after the discount period has elapsed) a...
Purchase discounts lost account is debited
25
Net method: The balance in purchase discounts lost account does not enter into the... 2) the balance in purchase discounts lost account is treated as...
Determination of cost of goods sold 2) a period expense
26
Regardless of whether the gross method or net method is used, purchases are always recorded...
Net of allowable trade discounts
27
Trade discounts, are discounts that are...
Allowed to the entity because it's a wholesaler, good customer Or merely the item is on sale at reduced price
28
Is Interest paid to vendors, included in the cost of inventory?
No
29
The determination of cost of goods sold and inventory under each of the cost flow assumptions depends upon...
The system used to record inventory: periodic or perpetual
30
Periodic system
Inventory is counted periodically and then priced
31
In the periodic system, the ending inventory is usually recorded in...
The COGS entry
32
Standard journal entry under the periodic system
Ending inventory. Xxx COGS. (Plug) Beginning Inventory. Xxx Purchases Xxx
33
Periodic calculation for COGS
purchases - change in inventory ______ COGS
34
Perpetual system
Running total is kept of the units on hand and possibly their value By recording increases and decreases as they occur
35
Perpetual system: When inventory is purchased, the...
Inventory account, rather than purchases is debited
36
Under the perpetual system, when inventory is sold, what is the following journal entry made?
COGS. (Cost) | Inventory. (Cost)
37
The weighted avg. method is used under the...
Periodic system
38
The moving avg method is used under the...
Perpetual system
39
What kind of asset is inventory?
Nonmonetary asset
40
How do you record a $100 purchase with terms of 2/10 net 30: Under the gross method, when a discount is taken
Purchases. 100 A/P. 100 A/P. 100 Purch. Disc. 2 Cash. 98
41
How do you record a $100 purchase with terms of 2/10 net 30: Under the gross method when no discount is taken
Purchases 100 A/P. 100 A/P. 100 Cash. 100
42
How do you record a $100 purchase with terms of 2/10 net 30: Under the net method when a discount is taken
Purchases. 98 A/P. 98 A/P. 98 Cash. 98
43
How do you record a $100 purchase with terms of 2/10 net 30: Under the net method when no discount is taken
Purchases. 98 A/P. 98 A/P. 98 Purchase Disc. 2 Cash. 100
44
Under the periodic system, What is the equation for COGS?
``` Beg Inv. + COGPurchased ____________ = COGAS - EI ___________ COGS ```
45
Under the periodic system, What is the equation for COGPurchased?
``` Gross Purchases - Purch. Disc. - Purch. R+A ____________ = net Purch + freight in/transport in ________________ COGPurchased ```
46
Shrinkage
When inventory gets lower (due to theft or damage)
47
Specific identification
Individual inventory lots purchased or manufactured are separately Identified
48
Under specific identification, when items are sold or otherwise disposed of, the actual cost of the specific item is...
Assigned to the transaction and ending inventory consists of actual costs of specific items on Hand
49
When is specific identification usually used?
High cost and individually identifiable items Cars, appliance jewelry
50
The average cost flow assumption assumes that all costs and units are...
Merged so no specific item or cost can be separately identified
51
Under average cost both cost of goods sold and ending inventory are...
Valued at average unit cost
52
The average cost method may be used with either...
The periodic or perpetual inventory system
53
Weighted avg. - periodic: The cost of units is calculated at...
The end of the period based on avg. price paid (including | freight, etc.), weighted by # of units purchased at each price
54
Calculation for the weighted number of units purchased at each price
weighted number of units purchased at each price = | Cost of goods available for sale)/(# units available for sale
55
Moving avg.- perpetual: how is the cost of units calculated?
In same manner as weighted avg. Except new weighted avg. cost calculated after each purchase
56
Moving avg. perpetual: the averGe cost is used to determine...
The cost of each unit sold prior to the next purchase
57
Weighted avg. unit cost equation 2) ending inventory equation for 600 units
Weighted average unit cost = Total units/total cost 2) Ending inventory = (600 units) x (weighted avg. unit cost)
58
FIFO First in First out
Assumption that goods are sold in chronological order purchased
59
Under FIFO, What will ending inventory consist of?
The last purchases made during the accounting period
60
LIFO (last in first out)
Assumption that goods are sold in chronological order purchased
61
Under LIFO, ending inventory will consist of...
The last purchases made during accounting period
62
Under FIFO periodic and FIFO perpetual, ending inventory is...
The same
63
Under LIFO Periodic and LIFO perpetual ending inventory is...
Different
64
Under FIFO, first in goes to... 2) remaining goes to...
COGS 2) ending inventory
65
LIFO has better matching on...
The income statement
66
Do freight in and interest expense go into COGS?
Freight in goes into COGS interest has no effect
67
Under FIFO, with rising prices, ending inventory is...
Higher
68
LIFO liquidation
Break everything in inventory down to $0
69
Under LIFO, it's best to make calculations with...
Periodic system
70
If you use periodic or perpetual systems under LIFO, what happens with your calculations for EI and COGS?
They are never the same for EI and COGS
71
Under perpetual, after every time you make sale you must...
Recomputed avg.
72
During a period with rising prices what happens to 1) ending inventory, 2) COGS, 3) Net Income 4) Taxes under FIFO?
1) EI is higher 2) COGS lower 3) NI higher 4) Taxes higher
73
During a period with rising prices what happens to 1) ending inventory, 2) COGS, 3) Net Income 4) Taxes under LIFO
1) EI Lower 2) COGS higher 3) NI lower 4) Taxes lower
74
Lower of Cost or Market: A departure from the cost basis of pricing the inventory is required when the...
Utility of goods is no longer as great as its cost
75
Applying lower of cost or market rule: Determine market
Market is replacement cost limited to ceiling and floor
76
Ceiling
Net realizable value (selling price less selling costs and costs To complete)
77
Floor
Net realizable value less normal profit
78
If replace,net cost is greater than net realizable value, market equals...
Net realizable value
79
When does market = net realizable value - normal profit?
If replacement cost is: less than net realizable value minus normal Profit
80
3 steps in applying the lower cost or market rule?
1 determine market 2 determine cost 3 select lower of cost or market
81
Floor and ceiling have bother to do with...
Cost (of step 2)
82
The floor limitation on market prevents recognition of...
More than normal profit in future periods (if market is less than cost)
83
The ceiling limitation on market prevents recognition of...
A loss in future periods (if market is less an cost)
84
Cost or market applied to individual items will always be as low as, and usually lower than...
Cost or market applied to inventory as a whole
85
Cost or market applied to individual items will be the same as inventory as a whole, when...
All items at market or all items at cost are lower
86
Once inventory has been written down, there can be no recovery from the write down until...
The units are sold
87
Recoveries of prior writedowns for marketable securities are required to be taken into...
The income stream
88
Methods of recording a write down in inventory, when market is less than cost at end of period
1 ending inventory established using market figure 2 or debts the inventory account for actual cost of goods on Hand and make separate entry for market decline
89
Recording write down: establish ending inventory using market figure The difficulty with this procedure is that it...
Forces the loss to be included in COGS, thus overstating COGS by amount of the loss
90
Recording a writedown: Under the method of Establishing the ending inventory using a market figure, the loss is not...
Separately disclosed
91
Methods of recording a writedown: An alternative treatment is to debit the inventory account for the actual cost (not market) of goods on hand and then make the following entry giving separate recognition to the market decline
Loss due to market decline. Xxx | Inventory. Xxx
92
Purchase commitments (PC)
Result from legally enforceable contracts to purchase specific Quantities of goods at fixed prices in the future
93
Purchase commitments: When there is a decline in market value below the contract price at the balance sheet date and the contracts are noncallable...
An unrealized loss has occurred and if material should be recorded In period of decline
94
Loss on purchase commitments journal entry
Estimated loss on PC. (excess of PC over mkt.) | Accrued loss on PC. (excess of PC over mkt.)
95
Losses on Purchase Commitments: If further declines in market value are estimated to occur before delivery is made, the amount of the loss to be accrued should... 2) the loss is take to...
Be increased to include this additional decline in market value 2) the income statement
96
Losses on Purchase Commitments: The accrued loss on PC is a is a...
Liability account and shown on the balance sheet
97
Losses on Purchase Commitments: What is the entry when goods are subsequently received?
Purchases. Xxx Accrued loss on PC. XXX Cash. Xxx
98
Losses on Purchase Commitments: If a partial or full recovery occurs before the inventory is received, the accrued loss account would be... 2) likewise, an income statement account...
Reduced by the amount of the recovery 2) recovery on loss of PC would be credited
99
FIFO: the goods from beginning inventory and the earliest purchases are assumed to be...
The goods sold first
100
FIFO: In a period of rising prices, COGS is made up of the earlier, lower priced goods resulting in... 2) the ending inventory is made up of more recent purchases and thus represents a...
A larger profit relative to LIFO 2) more current value relative to LIFO on the balance sheet
101
The FIFO cost flow assumption may be used even when...
It does not match the physical flow of goods
102
Whenever the FIFO method is used, the results of inventory and COGS are...
The same at the end of the period under either a perpetual or Periodic system
103
LIFO (last in first out)
Under this cost flow method, the most recent purchases are assumed to be the first goods sold Ending inventory is assumed to be composed of the oldest Goods
104
Under LIFO, the COGS contains...
Relatively current costs (resulting in matching current costs With sales)
105
The LIFO cost flow assumption usually does not parallel...
The physical flow of goods
106
LIFO is widely adopted because it is acceptable for...
Tax purposes and during periods of rising prices it reduces tax Liability due to lower reported income + higher COGS
107
LIFO smooths out fluctuations in the income stream relative to FIFO because it...
Matches current costs with current revenues
108
The primary disadvantage of LIFO is that it results in... 2) what is this generally know as?
Large profits if inventory decreases, because earlier lower valued layers are included in COGS 2) LIFO liquidation
109
Another disadvantage of LIFO is the cost involved in...
Maintaining separate LIFO records for each item in inventory
110
If LIFO is used for tax purposes it must be used for... 2) what is this rule known as?
Financial reporting purposes 2) LIFO conformity rule
111
LIFO: Under current tax law inventory layers may be added using the...3
``` 1 earliest acquisition costs Or 2 weighted avg, cost for period Or 3 latest acquisition costs ```
112
On the CPA exam for LIFO, use the earliest acquisition costs unless you are instructed to use one of the other...
Alternatives
113
LIFO: When a company uses LIFO for external reporting purposes and another inventory method for internal purposes...
A LIFO Reserve account is used to reduce Inventory from | Internal valuation to LIFO valuation
114
LIFO Reserve 2
1 contra account To inventory 2 adjusted up or down at year end with a corresponding increase Or decrease in COGS
115
Dollar-value LIFO is LIFO applied to...
Pools of inventory items rather than to individual items
116
Costs of keeping inventory records is less under which form of LIFO?
Less under dollar value LIFO, than compared to unit LIFO
117
LIFO conformity rule also applies to...
Dollar value LIFO
118
LIFO conformity rule: Companies using dollar value LIFO define their LIFO pools so as to...
Conform with IRS regulations
119
Dollar value LIFO: Under IRS regulations, a LIFO pool can contain either...2
1 all inventory items for a natural business unit Or 2 multiple pool approach can be elected
120
Multiple pool approach election (dollar value LIFO)
Business can group similarly used inventory items into several Groups or pools
121
Dollar value LIFO: The advantage of using inventory pools is that...
Involuntary liquidation of LIFO layers is less likely to occur
122
Conversing price index equation
Conversion price index = | EI at end of year prices)/(EI at base year prices
123
RC
Replacement cost
124
4 steps of using dollar value LIFO
1 convert nominal EI to base year EI (divide) 2 change is a layer at base year 3 convert base year layers to nominal (multiply) 4 add them all up
125
Gross profit: Ending inventory is estimated by using...
Gross profit percentage to convert sales to cost of goods | presumed sold
126
Gross profit: Since ending inventory is only estimated, the gross method is...
Not acceptable for either tax or annual financial reporting purposes
127
What are 3 major uses of gross profit?
1 estimate ending inventory for internal use 2 use in interim financial statements 3 establishing amount of loss due to destruction of inventory by Fire, flood or other catastrophes
128
Standard costs
Predetermined costs in a cost accounting system Generally used for control purposes
129
Standard costs: Inventory may be costed at standard only if...
Variances are reasonable (not large)
130
Standard costs: Large debit (unfavorable) variances would indicate...
Inventory and cost of sales were undervalued
131
Standard costs: Large credit (favorable) variances would indicate...
Inventory is over valued
132
Direct variable costing is not...
An acceptable method for valuing inventory
133
Directing costing considers only... 2) and fixed production costs as...
Variable costs as product costs 2) period costs
134
In contrast to direct variable costing, absorption costing considers...
Both variable and fixed manufacturing costs as product costs
135
2 items to include in inventory
1 Goods shipped FOB shipping point until received by carrier 2 goods shipped FOB destination until delivered to customer
136
Items to include in inventory: Goods shipped FOB shipping point, which are in transit should be included in the inventory of the buyer since...
Title passes to the buyer when the carrier receives the goods
137
Items to be included in inventory: Goods shipped FOB destination should be included in inventory of seller until goods are received by the buyer since...
Title passes to the buyer when the goods are received at their Final destination
138
Consignors
Consign their goods to consignees, who are sales agents of | Consignors
139
Consigned goods remain property of...
The consignor until they are sold
140
Consignments: Any unsold goods (including a proportionate share of freight costs incurred in shipping the goods to the consignees) must be...
Included in the consignor's inventory
141
Consignment sales revenue should be recognized by...
The consignor when the consignee sells the consigned goods | To the ultimate customer
142
No revenue is recognized at the time the consignor...
Ships the goods to the consignee
143
Sales commission made by the consignee would be reported as... 2) it would not be...
A selling expenses by the consignor 2) not be netted against sales revenue recognized by the consignor
144
2 important ratios that relate to inventory
1 inventory turnover 2 number of days' supply in average inventory
145
The inventory turnover ratio measures...
The number of times inventory was sold and reflects inventory order and investment policies
146
Inventory turnover calculation
Inventory turnover = (COGS)/(avg. inventory)
147
Average inventory calculation
Average inventory = (BI + EI)/2
148
Number of days inventory is held... 2) this ratio reflects on...
Before sale 2) efficiency of inventory policies
149
Number of days' supply in average inventory calculation
Number of days' supply in average inventory = 365/(inventory turnover)
150
The faster the inventory turnover...
The better (unless the company can't restock inventory fast enough)
151
FOB shipping vs FOB destination: If not mentioned on CPA exam, assume...
FOB shipping
152
Long term contracts are accounted for by which 2 methods?
1 completed contract method 2 percentage of completion method
153
Completed contract method
Recognition of contract revenue and profit at contract completion
154
Completed contract method: All related costs are...
Deferred until completion and then matched to revenues
155
The completed contract method is preferable in circumstances in which...
Estimates can't meet the criteria for reasonable dependability
156
1 contracts executed by the parties normally include provisions that clearly specify the enforceable rights regarding foods or services to be provided and received by the parties, the consideration to be exchanged and the manner and terms of settlement 2 the buyer can be expected to satisfy obligations under contract 3 the contractor can be expected to perform contractual obligation If any of the 3 criteria above aren't met...
The completed contract method must be used
157
The advantage of the completed contract method is that it is...
It is based on results not estimates
158
2 Disadvantages of completed contract method
1 Current performance is not reflected 2 income recognition may be irregular
159
Percentage completion method
Recognition of contract revenue and profit during construction Based on expected total profit And estimated progress towards completion in current period
160
Under the percentage completion method, all related costs are...
Recognized in the period in which they occur
161
The use of the percentage of completion method depends on The ability to make reasonably dependable estimates of...3
1 contract Revenues 2 contract costs 3 extent of progress towards completion
162
Percentage of completion method: For entities which customarily operate under contractual arrangements and for whom contracting represents a significant part of their operations, the presumption is that...
They have the ability to make estimates that are sufficiently dependable to justify use of percentage completion method
163
Percentage completion method is preferable when all of the following 3 conditions exist:
1 contracts executed by parties normally include provisions that Clearly specify the enforceable rights regarding goods or services To be provided and received by the parties, the consideration to Be exchanged and the manner and settlement of terms 2 the buyer can be expected to satisfy obligations under the contract 3 the contractor can be expected to perform contractual obligation
164
The advantage of the percentage of completion is...
Periodic recognition of income
165
The disadvantage of the percentage completion method is...
Dependence on estimates
166
In practice, various procedures are used to measure the extent of progress toward completion under the percentage completion method, but the must widely used one is...
Cost to cost
167
Percentage of completion method: Cost to cost is based on...
The assumed relationship between a unit of input and productivity
168
Percentage of completion method: Under cost to cost, either revenue and/or profit to be recognized in the current period can be determined by the following formula
Revenue (profit) = [(cost to date/total expected cost based on latest estimate) X contract price AKA expected profit] - Revenue (profit) recognized in previous periods
169
Percentage of completion method: Revenue and profit are 2 different terms. Profit is calculated by... 2) revenue is the...
Subtracting construction expenses from revenue 2) contract price
170
Ledger account titles are unique to...
Long term construction contracts
171
Long term construction contracts: In practice, there are numerous account titles for the same item: give example
Billings on LT contracts vs. Partial billings on construction in progress
172
Long term construction contracts: In practice there are various methodologies for journalizing the same transactions: example
Separate revenue and expense control accounts in lieu of | "Income on LT contracts account"
173
Completed contract method means recognize no profit until...
Contract completed
174
Calculation from Yaeger Video for Percentage completion method 2) how estimated GP is calculated
Profit - previous year's profit recognized = (Total costs incurred to date/total estimated costs to complete) x GP 2) contract price - total est. cost to complete = est. GP
175
Billings on contract
Contra account to construction in process
176
LT contracts: Journal entry 4 is...
Different under completed contract method vs. Percentage | Completion method
177
Complete contract vs. Percentage completion method: Income recognition
Timing of income recognition differs
178
Complete contract vs. Percentage completion method: Completed contract method never includes...
Gross profit
179
LT contracts: If billings on contracts is greater than construction in progress, how is it recognized?
As a current liability
180
LT construction contracts: Losses
Must recognize loss in full when you think there will be a loss On both completed contract and percentage completion methods
181
Journal entry for completed contract method and percentage completion method for: first entry costs of construction
Construction in process inventory. Xxx | Cash/payables. Xxx
182
Costs of construction journal entry under the completed contract method may include...
A reasonable allocation of general and administrative (G&A) | expenses for periods prior to completion
183
Journal entry for completed contract method and percentage completion method for: second entry progress billings
A/R. Xxx | Billings on contracts. Xxx
184
Journal entry for completed contract method and percentage completion method for: 3rd entry collections on billings
Cash. Xxx | A/R. Xxx
185
Under the completed contract method the 4th journal entry of recognition of income when there is still more construction...
No income is recognized until completion
186
Under the percentage completion method the 4th journal entry of recognition of income...
Construction in process inventory. Xxx | Income on construction Xxx
187
In the 4th journal entry for recognition of income, what account is income on construction closed to?
Closed to income summary
188
4th journal entry, recognition of income for both completed contract and percentage completion methods in final year
Billings on contracts. Xxx Construction in process inventory. Xxx Income on construction. Xxx
189
Alternative final 4th journal entry for percentage completion method
Construction in process inventory. Xxx Billings on contracts. Xxx Construction in process inventory Xxx Income on construction. Xxx
190
IFRS: IFRS accounting for inventory differs from US GAAP in what 3 areas?
1 cost flow assumption 2 valuation of inventory at year end 3 capitalization of interest
191
With IFRS, the LIFO cost flow assumption is...
Not permissible
192
IFRS: Specific ID is required for inventory of goods that are...2
1 Not interchangeable 2 goods that are produced and segregated for specific projects
193
IFRS: FIFO and weighted average method are...
Acceptable methods under IFRS
194
IFRS: The retail method may...
Only be used for certain industries
195
IFRS: The gross profit method can be used to...
Estimate ending inventory when a physical count is not possible
196
IFRS: Inventories are carried at...
Lower cost or net realizable value (LCNRV)
197
IFRS: An exception to the lower cost or net realizable value (LCNRV) rule applies to...
``` Agricultural inventories (biological assets) which are carried at Fair value less costs to sell at point of harvest ```
198
In US GAAP! what is used to value inventories?
Lower of cost or market (LCM)
199
Under US GAAP, market is defined as...
Replacement cost, subject to ceiling and floor
200
Under GAAP, ceiling is... 2) and floor is...
Net realizable value (NRV) 2) NRV less normal profit margin
201
Under GAAP, once inventory is written down...
A loss may not be recovered
202
IFRS VS GAAPS: valuing inventories
GAAP: NRV is calculated as estimated selling price less estimated selling price less estimated costs of completion of sale IFRS: values inventory at lower of cost or net realizable value (LCNRV)
203
Under IFRS, LCNRV is applied on... 2) however, under IFRS if there are groups of items that have similar characteristics, they may be grouped for...
An item by item basis 2) the application of LCNRV
204
If LCM, were applied under US standards, additional information would be need, specifically US GAAP would require...
Replacement cost and normal profit margin in order to arrive at Ceiling and floor
205
IFRS VS GAAP: Rules for capitalization of interest (1 for GAAP, 2 for IFRS)
GAAP: no capitalization of interest for inventories routinely manufactured/produced on repetitive basis IFRS: 1 doesn't allow interest or financing costs to be capitalized For inventory if it is paid under normal credit terms 2 IFRS allows interest costs to be capitalized if there is a lengthy Production period to prepare goods for sale