Final

Question 0

Where is bacterial DNA found?

Answer 0

The most DNA in bacteria is found in a single chromosome found in the nucleod region.

Question 1

What are the three ways DNA transfers between bacteria?

Answer 1

Transduction conjugation transformation.

Question 2

What is transduction?

Answer 2

Fragments of host DNA is accidentally packaged within a phage and introduced into another bacterium.

Question 3

What is conjugation?

Answer 3

Conjugation is DNA replicated then transferred.

Question 4

What is transformation?

Answer 4

Transformation is DNA taken up from the surrounding fluid.

Question 5

How is the DNA incorporated into bacteria?

Answer 5

Bacteria is incorporated into DNA in two ways first DNA is retained as a plasmid a circular piece of DNA separate from the main bacterial DNA second DNA fragments can integrate into the host DNA by process of crossing over.

Question 6

What is DNA recombination?

Answer 6

DNA recombination refers to DNA that consists of its own DNA and some DNA from another source.

Question 7

What makes plasmid useful?

Answer 7

First plasmids can make multiple copies of the desired Gene, secondly, plasmids can make significant quantities of a desired protein whether insulin or growth hormone.

Question 8

What is recombinant DNA?

Answer 8

Recombinant DNA: genes must be cut and pasted into plasmids the scissors of cutting are called restriction enzymes and in nature they protect bacteria from intrusion with other DNA by breaking it down they are strict foreign DNA from harm in the bacteria.

Question 9

What are restriction enzymes?

Answer 9

Restriction enzymes are the scissors that cut harmful bacteria on plasmids.

Question 10

What do restriction enzymes do?

Answer 10

Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific short nucleotide sequences called recognition sequences. There are several hundred restriction enzymes and about 100 recognition sequences.

Question 11

What are recognition sequences?

Answer 11

Recognition sequences are specific short nucleotide sequences.

Question 12

What does DNA ligase do?

Answer 12

Once the DNA is cut, a new gene can be inserted. the new gene is then sealed into place with the enzyme DNA ligase. the result is a recombinant DNA molecule.

Question 13

What is DNA ligase?

Answer 13

DNA ligase is a gene that glues together the two fragments of DNA

Question 14

What happens during gene cloning?

Answer 14

Gene is cut with a certain restriction enzyme that the plasmid is also cut with, the ends of the human gene match the cut ends of the plasmid and the DNA is Incorporated and sealed with DNA ligase

Question 15

What is the genomic library

Answer 15

Each combination of stored genetic information on the plasmid or phage is put together and forms a library for the DNA of interest.

Question 16

What do phages do?

Answer 16

Phages can also be used to replicate DNA fragments.

Question 17

What are eukaryotic genes?

Answer 17

Eukaryotic genes are often too big because of the amount of Intron’s so the actual gene of interest is produced by harvesting the spliced RNA and using reverse transcriptase to synthesize the corresponding DNA.
Which is beneficial when you want to synthesize a certain proteins it can also result in the library of possible RNA

Question 18

What happens when screening libraries take place?

Answer 18

Screen bacterial colonies for the protein of interest

Question 19

What is DNA synthesis?

Answer 19

If the W sequence of a protein is known than the corresponding gene sequence for DNA can be constructed.

Question 20

What’s is the restriction fragment analysis?

Answer 20

Every human DNA is different DNA catch up with airstrip shouldn’t enzyme there structure in the fragments will vary in size and these fragments will differ between homologous chromosomes resulting in restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Question 21

How can you detect diseases?

Answer 21

Usually harmful alleles forms of genes that are harmful have unique restriction sites that are inherited with the bad Gene. restriction enzyme treatment can identify this and confirm a disease or a carrier state these fragments are called genetic markers.

Question 22

What is the polymerase chain reaction?

Answer 22

The polymerase chain reaction amplifies small quantities of DNA so that they can be tested, DNA polymerase is introduced in the presence of nucleotides and It can generate 100 billion simpler molecules in several hours.

Question 23

DNA fingerprinting

Answer 23

Analysis of the entire genome is impractical there for five or 10 DNA regions that are known to be highly variable are chosen therefore the likelihood of chance match is incredibly low.

Question 24

Paternal test

Answer 24

A child’s do you need a pattern will be a combination of maternal and paternal bands if a particular bands in the child is not found in the mother and it should be found in the father.