Glycolysis And Respiration

Question 0

What is an exergonic reaction?

Answer 0

An exergonic reaction release more energy. The reactants have more energy than the products. ENERGY RELEASING REACTIONS

Question 1

What is a rich source of electrons for energy?

Answer 1

Glucose is a rich source of electrons for energy.

Question 2

What is an endergonic reaction?

Answer 2

An endergonic reaction is an energy storing reaction. The products have more energy stored than the reactants. ENERGY STORING REACTION.

Question 3

What is a calorie?

Answer 3

A calorie is the amount of heat energy required to heat 1gram of water 1 degree Celsius.

Question 4

What is a kilocalorie?

Answer 4

A kilocalorie is 1000 calories and is the common way of expressing calorie density.

Question 5

What are 3 energy releasing mechanisms?

Answer 5

The three energy releasing mechanisms are glycolysis, cellular respiration, and electron transport system.

Question 6

What is glycolysis?

Answer 6

Glycolysis is glucose breaking. Is is a series of reactions, each catalyzed by a unique enzyme, which breaks glucose down to different molecules and generates energy to form ATP. (Occurs in the cytoplasm).

Question 7

What happens to the six carbon sugar glucose?

Answer 7

The six carbon sugar is broken into 2 three carbon sugars doubling the opportunity to generate energy.

Question 8

Before the six carbon sugar glucose can be broken down what happens?

Answer 8

For that all to happen it requires 2 ATP molecules. It begins with a deficient.

Question 9

In glycolysis what energy is produced? What is the net energy production?

Answer 9

Two NADPH and four ATP are produced.
Net: 2 NADPH and 2 ATP.
(Generates only 2% of the total chemical energy from glucose.)

Question 10

Is glycolysis an aerobic process? What does aerobic mean?

Answer 10

Glycolysis is an anaerobic process meaning that it does not require oxygen. An aerobic process does require oxygen.

Question 11

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 11

Cellular respiration takes the product of glycolysis (pyruvic acid) and ultimately produces 34 additional molecules of ATP.
Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondrion.

Question 12

What is pyruvate grooming?

Answer 12

Pyruvate grooming prepares pyruvate acid for entry into the Kreb’s cycle

Question 13

What do oxygen atoms have a tendency to do?

Answer 13

Oxygen atoms have a strong tendency to pull electrons from other atoms

Question 14

What does the tendency of oxygen atoms have to do with water?

Answer 14

Oxygen atoms have a tendency to pull electrons off other atoms which makes it the perfect ultimate recipient of transferred electrons forming water.

Question 15

What do the electrons stripped from glucose ultimately produce in cellular respiration?

Answer 15

In cellular respiration the electrons stripped from glucose ultimately end up reducing oxygen to make H2O. Interesting because the source of electrons for photosynthesis is water.

Question 16

What are the energy carriers in glycolysis and respiration?

Answer 16

The energy carriers in glycolysis and respiration are NADH FADH2 GTP and ATP

Question 17

What are the two stages of mitochondrion productions?

Answer 17

The 1st is Kreb’s cycle or the Citric acid cycle. The 1st stage occurs in the matrix or area enclosed by the inner membrane.
The 2nd stage is the electron transport chain. The 2nd stage occurs in the inner folded membrane on the cristae.

Question 18

What is the end product of the Kreb’s cycle?

Answer 18

Kreb’s cycle does not have an end product, but rather is a chemical cycle that continues to run and return to its starting point generating energy.

Question 19

Why is Kreb’s cycle also called the Citric acid cycle?

Answer 19

Is also called the citric acid cycle because the first compound generated is citric acid.

Question 20

Where is the Pyruvic acid sent to?

Answer 20

The pyruvic acid generated by glycolysis is transferred into the mitochondrial matrix.

Question 21

What is pyruvic acid broken down into?

Answer 21

Pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide and a two carbon acetyl coA.

Question 22

What is acetyl coA combined to? And what does it produce after that?

Answer 22

Acetyl coA combines with a four carbon compound to produce citric acid and then a series of reactions produce GTP ATP NADH and FADH2

Question 23

Summarize the Kreb’s cycle

Answer 23

The Krebs cycle has in total nine reactions it generates first two molecules of CO2 second three NADH electron carriers third one FADH2 electron carrier, 4th one molecule of GTP similar to ATP which then converts ADP to ATP fifth waste product is CO2 which we exhale.

Question 24

What forms the electron transport chain?

Answer 24

NADH and FADH2 then pass their high-energy electrons to a series of electron transport enzymes located on the inner mitochondrial membrane which forms the electron transport chain.

Question 25

How is NADH recycled?

Answer 25

NADH releases its electrons to the first electron carrier in a chain and then becomes NAD+ and H+ which then is recycled. The energy generated by the passing of electrons drives the active transport of h+ into the into the membrane space setting up a concentration electrochemical gradients which drives cHemiosmosis.

Question 26

Where do the hydrogen ions go?

Answer 26

The hydrogen ions then moves through the ATP synthase and generates ATP in the matrix.

Question 27

What is the final electron receptor in the electron transport chain?

Answer 27

Oxygen is the final electronic receptor in the electron transport chain

Question 28

What is the final enzyme in the electron transport chain?

Answer 28

The final enzyme in the chain combines the electrons, hydrogen plus from inside the cell and oxygen to form water

Question 29

Do virtually every cells rely on energy from ATP molecules?

Answer 29

Yup

Question 30

What two mechanisms generate ATP?

Answer 30

ATP is generated by two mechanisms:
The 1st is cHemiosmosis and the 2nd is substrate-level phosphorylation (the direct phosphorylation of ADP during glycolysis or the Kreb’s cycle.

Question 31

What is rotenone?

Answer 31

Rotenone is the pesticide which blocks electron transfer in the first protein complex

Question 32

What is cyanide and carbon monoxide?

Answer 32

Cyanide and carbon monoxide find in the third protein complex blocking passage of electrons to water preventing and H plus gradient from being established

Question 33

What is oliogomycin?

Answer 33

oliogomycin is the antibiotic which inhibits ATP synthase preventing the cell from using the potential energy produced by the H plus gradient.

Question 34

What is DNP?

Answer 34

DNP (dinitrophenol) is an coupler that makes the membrane pre-permeable to H plus preventing a gradient of potential energy from being formed.

Question 35

Summarize the energy in the three processes

Answer 35

Glycolysis
1) 2 ATP 2)2 NADH leads to 4 ATP 3)pyruvate acid grooming
2 NADH leads to six ATP (electron chain)
respiration
1)2 GTP leads to two ATP
2)6 NADH leads to 18 ATP electron chain
3)2 FADH2 leads to for ATP (enters electron chain later)
4) total 36 ATP

Question 36

How much available energy in glucose is the metabolic cellular machinery capable of extracting?

Answer 36

The metabolic cellular machinery is capable of extracting 37% of the available energy in glucose.
Greater efficiency than a automobile engines
The heat generated maintains our body temperature

Question 37

What is an anaerobe?

Answer 37

An organism that cannot survive in oxygen environments

Question 38

What is and aerobe

Answer 38

An aerobe is an organism that requires oxygen to survive

Question 39

What is a facilitative anaerobe?

Answer 39

Facilitative anaerobe is an organism that uses oxygen one available but can also easily survive without oxygen
(Yeast, beer and wine must be fermented in anaerobic conditions so the yeast will produce ethanol)

Question 40

What is fermentation

Answer 40

Fermentation is an anaerobic process which allows the NADH that should be used up by respiration but isn’t to be reused by glycolysis

Question 41

How does fermentation allow NADH to be used up in glycolysis?

Answer 41

Fermentation converts NADH back into NAD plus to be reused by glycolysis thereby generating two more ATP.
It takes the high energy electrons from NADH and put them on another organic molecule.
The process enables cells to make more energy in the absence of oxygen.

Question 42

In what two ways are most eukaryotic cells only cable of utilizing

Answer 42

A)lactic acid fermentation and b)alcoholic fermentation

Question 43

What is lactic acid fermentation?

Answer 43

Lactic acid fermentation is the pyruvate acid that accumulates because it cannot be used by the Krebs cycle since there is no oxygen that can be converted to lactic acid.
In the process the reduced NADH can be converted back to NAD+ and be reused in glycolysis.

Question 44

What happens when lactic acid accumulates in muscles?

Answer 44

Lactic acid can accumulate in muscle and cause pain or discomfort

Question 45

What do lactic acid and pyruvate acid do when accumulated?

Answer 45

Lactic acid and pyruvate acid accumulations create an acidic environment

Question 46

What is alcoholic fermentation

Answer 46

Alcoholic fermentation occurs in Yeast and other microorganisms pyruvate acid is broken down to produce a two carbon alcohol and carbon dioxide carbon dioxide releases and causes bread to rise bubbles and beer and sparkling wines. Yeast can only tolerate up to 12% alcohol before dying therefore that is a limit of alcohol content unless otherwise chemically processed.