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AQA - A Level - Organic Chemistry > 3.3 - Halogenoalkanes > Flashcards

3.3 - Halogenoalkanes Flashcards

1
Q

Conditions for Hydrolysis of Halogenoalkanes?

A

|> Aqueous

|> Room Temp

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2
Q

Reagents for Hydrolysis of Halogenoalkanes?

A

|> Aqueous Hydroxides e.g. NaOH, KOH

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3
Q

General Equation for the formation of Nitriles?

A

RX + CN⁻ |> RCN + X⁻

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4
Q

Why is Silver Iodide the fastest to form in reaction with Silver Nitrate Solution?

A

|> C-I bond is weakest

|> Eₐ is lower so there is a greater proportion of successful collisions in the same unit of time

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5
Q

Reactions for the Catalysed Breakdown of the Ozone Layer?

A

Cl⋅ + O₃ |> O₂ +ClO⋅

ClO⋅ + O₃ |> 2O₂ + Cl⋅

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6
Q

What test can be used to determine the rate of Hydrolysis?

A

Silver Nitrate Precipitate Test

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7
Q

What is the Nucleophile of a Hydrolysis reaction?

A

∶OH⁻

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8
Q

Overall reaction for the Breakdown of the Ozone Layer?

A

2O₃ |> 3O₂

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9
Q

What is the Base in an Elimination reaction?

A

∶OH⁻

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10
Q

Nucleophile or Base when forming Amines?

A

Both

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11
Q

What does the breakdown of CFCs form?

A

Chlorine Radicals

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12
Q

2 examples of Alternative organohalogen compounds?

A

CF₃ & C₄H₁₀

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13
Q

Why do Halogenoalkanes undergo Nucleophilic Substitution?

A

Contain a δ⁺ Carbon that attracts nucleophiles

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14
Q

Why is the Ozone layer Beneficial?

A

Absorbs UV radiation

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15
Q

Why can Silver Nitrate Solution not determine rate of Hydrolysis of 1-fluorobutane?

A

AgF is soluble

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16
Q

Some uses of Halogenoalkanes?

A

|> Refrigerants
|> Solvents
|> Pharmaceuticals

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17
Q

Why can’t water be used in formation of Nitriles?

A

Water has OH⁻ ions

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18
Q

Define: Elimination

A

A reaction in which an atom/(group of atoms) is removed from a reactant

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19
Q

Why is using CF₃ better than using CFCs?

A

|> no C-Cl bond

|> Breaks far above Ozone Layer

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20
Q

Define: Base

A

H⁺ acceptor

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21
Q

Define: Hydrolysis

A

Breaking of a Bond using Water

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22
Q

What does a Double-headed Curly Arrow show?

A

Movement of a pair of electrons

23
Q

Role of ∶OH⁻ in an Elimination reaction?

A

Base

24
Q

What is the Nucleophile in formation of Amines?

A

∶NH₃

25
Q

Why is using C₄H₁₀ better than using CFCs?

A

|> no C-Cl bond

|> Breaks below Ozone Layer

26
Q

What has been developed as a replacement for CFCs?

A

Alternative organohalogen compounds that do not contain Cl

27
Q

Reagent when forming Amines?

A

Excess NH₃

28
Q

What is formed when a halogenoalkane reacts with Excess ammonia?

A

Amines

29
Q

Why are CFCs less of an issue today?

A

Ban Imposed

30
Q

What can UV radiation cause?

A

Skin cancer

31
Q

What does the reaction of a halogenoalkane with Cyanide increase?

A

Length of Carbon Chain

32
Q

What do Chlorine Radicals Catalyse?

A

Breakdown of Ozone Layer

33
Q

What carbon is a Nitrile group always named with?

A

No. 1

34
Q

Why are Halogenoalkanes more reactive than Alkanes?

A

Contain a polar bond

35
Q

In an Elimination reaction, what does a Halogenoalkane react to form?

A

Alkene

36
Q

Nucleophile or Base in formation of Nitriles?

A

Nucleophile

37
Q

Define: Nucleophile

A

Electron Pair Donor

38
Q

What is the Base in the formation of Amines?

A

∶NH₃

39
Q

What is formed when Halogenoalkanes react with KCN?

A

Nitriles

40
Q

Why is there no Termination step of Chlorine radicals in the Ozone layer?

A

conc. of Cl⋅ is very low

41
Q

General Formula of Halogenoalkanes?

A

CnH₂n₊₁X

42
Q

General Equation for Hydrolysis?

A

NaOH(aq) + RCH₂X |> NaX + RCH₂OH

43
Q

Reaction for the Breaking down of CFCs?

A

CF₂Cl₂ |> CF₂Cl⋅ + Cl⋅

44
Q

General Equation for forming Amines?

A

RX + 2NH₃ |> RNH₂ + NH₄X

45
Q

Nucleophile or Base in Hydrolysis reaction?

A

Nucleophile

46
Q

What is the Nucleophile in formation of Nitriles?

A

∶CN⁻

47
Q

Conditions for forming Amines from Halogenoalkanes?

A

Aqueous

Warm

48
Q

Reagent for formation of Nitriles?

A

NaCN or KCN

49
Q

Reagent for the Elimination of Halogenoalkanes?

A

NaOH

50
Q

Conditions for formation of Nitriles?

A

Ethanol Solvent

Warm

51
Q

Conditions for Elimination of Halogenoalkanes?

A

Ethanol Solvent

Reflux (boiling & recondensing w/ no gas escaping)

52
Q

Reversible Reaction for Ozone formation?

A

O₃ < | > O₂ + O⋅⋅

fwd: UV light
reverse: infrared radiation

53
Q

Nucleophile or Base in Elimination reaction of Halogenoalkanes?

A

Base

AQA - A Level - Organic Chemistry (18 decks)

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