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AQA - A Level - Organic Chemistry > 3.9 Carboxylic Acids 1 > Flashcards

3.9 Carboxylic Acids 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do Esters have Lower Boiling Points than their Carboxylic Acids?

A

Esters do not form Hydrogen bonds

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2
Q

Properties of Esters?

A

|> Sweet Smelling Liquids (occur naturally in fruits)
|> lower boiling points than carboxylic acids
|> less soluble in water than carboxylic acids

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3
Q

Define: Condensation reaction

A

Chemical reaction in which Two Molecules are Joined together with the Elimination of a Small Molecule

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4
Q

Carboxylate salts of fatty acids formed from the hydrolysis of triglycerides can be used as ____ ?

A

Soaps

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5
Q

Esters occur naturally in ____ ?

A

Fruits

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6
Q

Why are Esters less soluble in water than Carboxylic Acids?

A

Do not form Hydrogen Bonds

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7
Q

What is the IUPAC name of Glycerol?

A

Propane-1,2,3-triol

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8
Q

Can Esters be formed by reacting a Carboxylic acid + Acid Anhydride?

A

No

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9
Q

Acid + Metal |> ?

A

Salt + Hydrogen

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10
Q

Define: Hydrolysis

A

The Breaking of a Bond using Water

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11
Q

Functional Group: Amides

A

R-C(=O)-NH₂

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12
Q

Acid + Carbonate |> ?

A

Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide

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13
Q

Acid + Base |> ?

A

Salt + Water

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14
Q

Define: An Acid

A

A substance that donates H⁺ ions

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15
Q

What state is an Oil at room temperature?

A

Liquid

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16
Q

What state is a Fat at room temperature?

A

Solid

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17
Q

Functional Group: Acyl Chlorides

A

R-C(=O)-Cl

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18
Q

Why don’t Carboxylic Acids with a high Mr dissolve in water?

A

Have a long Carbon chain that won’t dissolve

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19
Q

What kind of Carboxylic Acids are Soluble in Water?

A

Those with a low Mr

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20
Q

Why are Carboxylic Acids with a low Mr soluble in water?

A

Hydrogen Bonding to Water Molecules

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21
Q

Type of Reaction: Acid + Carbonate

A

Neutralisation

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22
Q

Carboxylic Acids react to form ___ salts?

A

Carboxylate Salts

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23
Q

Carboxylate salts are ____ in water because they are ____ ?

A

Soluble

Ionic

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24
Q

Test for Carboxylic Acids?

A

Add Na₂CO₃

Fizz due to CO₂

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25
Q

Functional Group: Carboxylic Acids

A

R-C(=O)-OH

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26
Q

Can Esters be formed by reacting Acyl Chloride + Acid Anhydride?

A

No

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27
Q

Can Esters be formed by reacting Acid Anhydride + Alcohol?

A

Yes

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28
Q

Triglycerides found in Oils often contain ____ fatty acids?

A

Unsaturated

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29
Q

Define: Hydrolysis

A

The Breaking of a Bond using Water

30
Q

Why do Carboxylic Acids have relatively High Melting Points and Boiling Points?

A

Form Hydrogen bonds between the Molecules

31
Q

What kind of isomers are Esters & Carboxylic Acids?

A

Functional Group isomers

32
Q

General Equation: Obtaining Carboxylic Acid from Carboxylate Salt

A

RCOO⁻Na⁺ + HCl |> RCOOH + NaCl

33
Q

Functional Group: Acid Anhydrides

A

R-C(=O)-O-C(=O)-R

34
Q

General Equation: Acid Anhydride + Alcohol |> Ester

A

(RCO)₂O + R’OH |> R-C(=O)-O-R’ + RCOOH

35
Q

General Formula: Carboxylic Acid

A

CₙH₂ₙO₂

36
Q

Type of Reaction: Acid + Base

A

Neutralisation

37
Q

General Formula: Esters

A

CₙH₂ₙO₂

38
Q

General Equation: Hydrolysis of Triglycerides

A

H-C-((H₂C-O-C(=O)-R)₂)-O-C(=O)-R + 3NaOH |>

HC-((H₂C-OH)₂)-OH + 3 RC(=O)-O⁻Na⁺

Where R is a long chain fatty acid

39
Q

General Equation: Acyl Chloride + Alcohol |> Ester

A

R-C(=O)-Cl + R’OH |> R-C(=O)-OR’ + HCl

40
Q

General Equation: Acid Hydrolysis of Esters

A

R-C(=O)-O-R + H₂O R-C(=O)-OH + R’OH

41
Q

General Equation: Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol |> Ester

A

R-C(=O)-OH + R’OH |> R-C(=O)-OR’ + H₂O

42
Q

Type of Reaction: Acid + Metal

A

Redox

43
Q

General Equation: Alkaline Hydrolysis of Esters

A

R-C(=O)-O-R’ + NaOH R-C(=O)-O⁻Na⁺ + R’OH

44
Q

Functional Group: Esters

A

R-C(=O)-O-R’

45
Q

General Equation: Manufacture of Biodiesel

A

H-C-((H₂C-O-C(=O)-R)₂)-O-C(=O)-R + 3CH₃OH |(KOH)>

HC-((H₂C-OH)₂)-OH + 3 RC(=O)-O-CH₃

Where R is a long chain fatty acid

46
Q

Conditions: Acid Hydrolysis of Esters

A

Reflux with HCl or H₂SO₄

47
Q

Conditions: Alkaline Hydrolysis of Esters

A

Reflux with NaOH(aq) or KOH(aq)

48
Q

Products: Acid Hydrolysis of Esters

A

Carboxylic Acid & Alcohol

49
Q

Products: Alkaline Hydrolysis of Esters

A

Carboxylate Salt & Alcohol

50
Q

Conditions: Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol |> Ester

A

Heat

51
Q

Conditions: Acid Anhydride + Alcohol |> Ester

A

Gently Warm

52
Q

Conditions: Acyl Chloride + Alcohol |> Ester

A

Room Temp

53
Q

Catalyst: Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol |> Ester

A

Conc. Sulfuric Acid

54
Q

Why do Carboxylic Acids have Higher Boiling Points than Alcohols?

A

Forms More Hydrogen Bonds so more Energy is required to break

55
Q

How are Esters Named?

A

Parent Alcohol followed by Parent Carboxylic Acid

E.g. Ethanoic Acid + Methanol |> Methyl Ethanoate

56
Q

To make Biodiesel, ____ ____ are reacted with ____ in the presence of a catalyst?

A

Vegetable Oils

Methanol

57
Q

Why is Ethanoic Anhydride used instead of Ethanoyl Chloride to make Aspirin?

A

|> Cheaper
|> Less Corrosive
|> Safer (Doesn’t produce toxic HCl(g) )
|> Reacts less readily with water

58
Q

Uses of Esters?

A

|> Food Flavourings
|> Perfumes
|> Solvents
|> Plasticisers

59
Q

Three Methods of Preparing Esters?

A

Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol
Acid Anhydride + Alcohol
Acyl Chloride + Alcohol

60
Q

Equation to make Aspirin from Carboxylic Acid & Acid Anhydride?

A

2-hydroxybenzoic Acid + Ethanoic Anhydride |>

Aspirin + Ethanoic Acid

61
Q

Triglycerides found in Fats often contain ____ fatty acids?

A

Saturated

62
Q

Conditions: Hydrolysis of Triglycerides

A

Reflux

63
Q

Products: Hydrolysis of Triglycerides

A

Glycerol

Carboxylate salts of Fatty Acids

64
Q

Catalyst: Manufacture of Biodiesel

A

KOH or NaOH

alkaline

65
Q

Why does the Alkaline Hydrolysis of Esters have a Better Yield than the Acid Hydrolysis?

A

Is not Reversible

66
Q

The reaction of a Carboxylic acid with an Alcohol to form Esters is ____ ?

A

Reversible

67
Q

The process of making Biodiesel from Triglycerides is called ____ ?

A

Transesterification

68
Q

Where do Triglycerides occur naturally?

A

Animal Fats

Vegetable Oils

69
Q

Why must you use conc. Sulfuric acid in the reaction between Carboxylic acid & Alcohol to form Esters?

A

Weak Acid has Water in so Equilibrium would shift Left

70
Q

Biodiesel is a mixture of ____ ____ of long chain carboxylic acids?

A

Methyl Esters

71
Q

Why are Carboxylic acids Weak acids?

A

Only Partially Ionise in Aqueous Solution

AQA - A Level - Organic Chemistry (18 decks)

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