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1
Q

unifying properties of life

A

• Use/obtain ATP
• Regulation/homeostasis
• Adaptation; natural selection
• Reproduction: sexual and asexual
• Growth and development

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2
Q

central dogma of molecular biology

A

DNA - RNA - proteins

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3
Q

DNA to RNA

A

transcription

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4
Q

RNA to proteins

A

translation

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5
Q

most advantageous traits are “selected” to be reproduced

A

natural selection

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6
Q

make up 96% of the human weight

A

OXYGEN, CARBON, NITROGEN & HYDROGEN

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7
Q

necessary for thyroid hormone to work

A

iodine

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8
Q

necessary to form heme portion of hemoglobin which brings O2 and removes CO2 from cells

A

iron

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9
Q

electrons have this
when e- are attracted to positive nucleus of atom

A

potential energy

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10
Q

cation charge

A

positive

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11
Q

anion charge

A

negative

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12
Q

the pull an electron has for electrons

A

electronegativity

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13
Q

has no electronegativity

A

carbon

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14
Q

two electronegative elements

A

carbon (greatest) and nitrogen

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15
Q

sticks to itself

A

cohesion

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16
Q

sticks to other atoms

A

adhesion

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17
Q

tight layer atop water

A

surface tension

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18
Q

water forms —

A

hydration shells

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19
Q

makes up the cell membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer

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20
Q

describe the head in the phospholipid bilayer

A

made of phosphates, polar, ionic, hydrophilic

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21
Q

describe the tail in the phospholipid bilayer

A

made of lipids (fats C&H), nonpolar, hydrophobic

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22
Q

joined to form macromolecules

A

amino acids and nucleotides

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23
Q

miller and urey experiment

A

• made closed experimental system of early earth conditions to look for presence of organic compounds
• used electrode to mimic lightening; W/O nothing was produced b/c it is energy source

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24
Q

conclusion of miller and urey experiment

A

abiotic synthesis of organic compounds could have led to life forms

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25
Q

compounds that contain carbon; can also contain O, H, N, P, and S

A

organic chemistry

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26
Q

made of carbon and hydrogen
• hydrophobic b/c no charges on C
• fat and petroleum
• high energy

A

hydrocarbons

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27
Q

differ in covalent arrangement
• no isomer when there is the same carbon backbone

A

structural isomers

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28
Q

differ in spatial relationships in regards to double bonds

A

geometric isomers

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29
Q

same side isomers

A

cis

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30
Q

opposite side isomers

A

trans

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31
Q

mirror images that cannot be superimposed

A

enantiomer isomers

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32
Q

-OH, generates polar region which attracts H2O

A

hydroxyl

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33
Q

carbonyl group

A

C=O

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34
Q

Carboxyl group

A

O=C-OH acidic

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35
Q

methyl group

A

hydrophobic b/c carbon has no electronegativity

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36
Q

lipids are —-

A

hydrocarbons

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37
Q

lipids hydrophobicity

A

hydrophobic

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38
Q

what are fats made up of?

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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39
Q

“bad” fats
saturated with hydrogens

A

saturated fats

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40
Q

solid at room temp

A

saturated fats

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41
Q

bond in saturated fats

A

single bonds

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42
Q

“good” fats
liquids at room temp

A

unsaturated fats

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43
Q

bonds unsaturated fats

A

double bonds

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44
Q

ring shaped lipids- derived from cholesterol

A

steroids

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45
Q

class of bio molecules; sugars and polymers of sugar

A

carbohydrates

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46
Q

most common sugar

A

glucose

47
Q

two monosaccharides

A

disaccharides

48
Q

glysosidic linkage

A

disaccharides

49
Q

many linkages

A

polysaccharides

50
Q

o Starch or Cellulose in plants
o Glycogen granules and chitin in animals

A

polysaccharides

51
Q

important for transmitting genetic info
• made of nucleotides- sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen group

A

nucleic acids

52
Q

coding DNA

A

actual genes

53
Q

tells when to turn genes on and off

A

noncoding DNA

54
Q

describe a sugar group

A

• 5 carbons
• Ring form
• DNA- Carbon 2’- H
• RNA- Carbon 2’- OH

55
Q

describe a phosphate group

A

• Attaches to Carbon 5’
• Hydrophilic

56
Q

btwn sugar and phosphate very strong to keep sequence

A

phosphodiester bond

57
Q

describe a nitrogen group

A

• Attaches to Carbon 1’
• hydrophobic
• PURINES and PYRIMIDINES

58
Q

• 2 rings
• Adenine (A)
• Guanine (G)

A

purines

59
Q

• 1 ring
• Cytosine (C)
• Thymine (T)
• Uracil (U)

A

pyrimidines

60
Q

inside of a double helix

A

hydrophobic

61
Q

A-T number of hydrogen bonds

A

2

62
Q

G-C number of hydrogen bonds

A

3

63
Q

problems with paulings model of DNA

A
  • Inverted so sugar phosphate was on the inside and nitrogenous bases were on the outside
  • All negative charges (sugar phosphate) were in the middle= repulsion
  • Replication problems b/c it had 3 strands
64
Q

bonds between amino acids

A

peptide bonds

65
Q

peptide bonds are a type of — reaction

A

dehydration

66
Q

between O and H (carboxyl and hydroxyl)

A

peptide bonds

67
Q

— gives Beta pleated sheet or Alpha helix-

A

Hydrogen bonds between polypeptide backbone

68
Q

peptide bonds btwn amino acids

A

primary structures

69
Q

Hydrogen bonds btwn polypeptides

A

secondary structures

70
Q

interactions btwn side chain groups; hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der Waals bonds - hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bonds; DICTATE SHAPE

A

tertiary structures

71
Q

joining of polypeptide subunits

A

quaternary structures

72
Q

describe sickle-cell anemia

A

glu is replaced by val acid

73
Q

No nucleus
5-10 um
Has DNA
Circular chromosomes
Plasma membrane
Ribosomes are free

A

prokaryotes

74
Q

Nucleus
Bigger, 10-100um
Has DNA
Straight vertical chromosomes
Plasma membrane
Ribosomes are free or on ER

A

eukaryotic

75
Q

• surrounded by nuclear envelope
• has nuclear pore complex to transfer molecules in and out of nucleus

A

nucleus

76
Q

DNA packaged w/ proteins to be small and compact

A

chromatin

77
Q

site of ribosomal RNA transcription

A

nucleolus

78
Q

site of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

79
Q

in cytoplasm or ER

A

ribosomes

80
Q

endomembrane system

A

• ER makes proteins-> travels in vesicles-> sent to golgi apparatus-> gets edited-> vesicles can either take to cell membrane or somewhere in cell

81
Q

phospholipids bilayer
• A membrane network that surrounds nucleus and makes proteins

A

endoplasmic reticulum

82
Q
  • Diverse metabolic functions
  • Lipid synthesis- phospholipid, steroids
  • Carbohydrates metabolism
  • In liver- detox enzymes
A

smooth

83
Q
  • Coated w/ ribosomes for protein translation
  • Makes phospholipids- membrane proteins
  • Tethers membrane
  • Makes transplant vesicles
A

rough

84
Q

modifies protein products

A

Golgi apparatus

85
Q

— is for receiving side of ER vesicles

A

cis face

86
Q

the shipping side of Golgi apparatus

A

trans face

87
Q

• receives, modifies polypeptides, adds stuff like sugar and carbs

A

Golgi apparatus

88
Q

contain hydrolytic enzymes

A

lysosome

89
Q

food vacuole + digestive enzymes in lysosome = digestion of nutrients

A

phagocytosis

90
Q

engulfment of other cell or parts like dead cell

A

autophagy

91
Q

membrane bound, in plants, organic compounds reserve

A

vacuole

92
Q

site of cellular respiration
• double bilayer membrane inner and outer

A

mitochondria

93
Q

folds and makes narrow passages which increases surface area and is the site of cellular

A

inside of mitochondria

94
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

mitocondria and chloroplasts originated as bacteria, engulfed by larger cells
Evidence- contain DNA and ribosomes, can reproduce on its own

95
Q

benefits of the endosymbiotic theory

A

gives the host energy
protects the organelle

96
Q

hollow protein molecules

A

microtubules

97
Q

2 parts of the membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer and proteins

98
Q

something that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

A

amphipathic

99
Q

why do nonpolar molecules cross the membrane easily?

A

they are hydrophobic

100
Q

needs help of carrier proteins (facilitated diffusion)

A

hydrophilic molecules

101
Q

diffusion w/o energy; net movement of a substance down a concentration gradient from high to low concentrations until equilibrium is reached

A

passive transport

102
Q

example of passive transport

A

aquaporins

103
Q

transmembrane proteins that facilitate osmosis because wter is a polar molecule, it has to pass thru membrane w/channel proteins

A

aquaporins

104
Q

energy (ATP) is required to move molecules AGAINSTA their concentration gradient; ATP gives off energy when phosphate bonds are broken- HYDROLYSIS

A

active transport

105
Q

example of active transport

A

sodium potassium pump

106
Q

confirmation change of a protein structure to allow ion to pass thru into cell

A

allosteric

107
Q

ability of a solute to cause cell to gain or lose water

A

tonicity

108
Q

concentration of non-permeable solutes outside cell= concentration inside cell

A

isotonic

109
Q

outside>inside concentration of solute; (MORE H2O INSIDE CELL)=water exits- shrivel

A

hypertonic

110
Q

outside<inside concentration of solute; (LESS H2O INSIDE CELL)=water rushes in-lyses

A

hypotonic

111
Q

pumps protons out of cell into the extracellular matrix, which creates a positive charge outside the cell, negative charge inside the cell, creates voltage which can be used to do work

A

proton pumps

112
Q

two groups that make up amino acids

A

carboxyl and amino groups

113
Q

— are narrow in scope but — are well supported and have broad explanatory power

A

hypotheses
theories

From Flashcardlet (20 decks)

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