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From Flashcardlet > bio of organisms test 3 > Flashcards

bio of organisms test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an animal?

A
  • Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic
  • Lack cell walls
  • Have unique ways of connecting cells, junctions, gaps etc
  • Nervous and muscle tissue
  • Embryonic development and life histories are special
  • Mostly sessile, size mattes, optimize surface area
  • Live in water, soil or air, but never all three
  • A lot more specialized tissues
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2
Q

what stage is dominant in early embryonic development

A

diploid

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3
Q

hypothesis for the origin on animals

A

from a flagellated protist

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4
Q

protostome

A

mouth first

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5
Q

deuterostome

A

anus first

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6
Q

Metabolic Rates

A

total amount of energy an animal uses per unit of time

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7
Q

BMR

A

basal metabolic rate- at rest, to keep vital functions like breathing going

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8
Q

Hydra

A

bilayered and all cells are in contact with the environment

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9
Q

Thermoregulation

A

adaptation to thermal environment

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10
Q

Osmoregulation

A

adaptation to osmotic environment

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11
Q

Excretion

A

strategies for eliminating waste from protein catabolism (N in NH3 is solute H20 solvent)

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12
Q

Terrestrial animals are affected by ____ heat transfers

A

all 4: evaporation, conduction, convection and radiation

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13
Q

Aquatic animals are impacted by

A

radiation only slightly and not at all by change of state

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14
Q

ectothermal

A

dependent on outside sources of heat

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15
Q

thermoregulation of large fish

A

fish are ectothermal- dependent on outside sources of heat
o but tuna and sharks are not, they have higher swimming muscle temperature than the outside water because their arteries convey cold blood to gills and surface tissues while branches deliver blood to deep muscles, and small vessels function as counter current heat exchangers

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16
Q

thermoregulation of winter active insects

A

shivering-like mechanisms is used for pre-flight warmup, counter current heat exchangers facilitate heat retention

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17
Q

negative feedback

A

reduces output of a system, a decrease in function in response to a stimulus. Thermoregulation and blood pressure are examples of this in humans

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18
Q

positive feedback

A

a stimulus causes a reaction that keeps repeating that stimulus over and over, such as childbirth, oxytocin causes contractions, and more contractions mean more oxytocin, and all will increase until the baby is out

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19
Q

torpor

A

a homeostatic mechanism that includes an altered physiological state where metabolism decreases, heart and respiratory rates slow, and body temperatures may decline, sometimes to a super cooled but unfrozen state below 0*C

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20
Q

Hibernation

A

spending winter in a dormant state

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21
Q

estivation

A

prolonged torpor during hot/dry period

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22
Q

Osmoregulation

A

the regulation and movement of metabolic wastes and solutes like water!

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23
Q

Osomoregulation in birds

A

they have salt excreting glands in nostril

Transport epithelium move materials across and the movement of NaCl from blood to collecting ducts

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24
Q

Osmoregulation in marine fish

A

has epithelium cells in gills that pump NaCl out -> small amount of urine

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25
Q

Osmoregulation in fresh water fish

A

dilutes ammonia down in urine (large amounts) releases it in water

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26
Q

how mammals dispose of N waste

A

urea

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27
Q

how aquatic animals dispose of N waste

A

ammonia

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28
Q

how reptiles/insects/birds dispose of N waste

A

uric acid

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29
Q

Hemolymph

A

blood and interstitial fluid

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30
Q

insects have ___ circulatory system

A

open

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31
Q

ureter

A

drains kidney

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32
Q

renal artery

A

dirty blood into kidney

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33
Q

renal vein

A

clean blood out of kidney

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34
Q

cortex

A

outer part of kidney

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35
Q

medulla

A

inner part of kidney

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36
Q

renal pelvis

A

funnels for collecting then drains into ureter

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37
Q

nephron

A

filtration unit

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38
Q

transport in proximal tubule

A

active transport of NaCl and nutrients out into blood and H+ into tube
Passive transport of HCO3-, H2O, K+ out, NH3 in

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39
Q

transport in distal tubule

A

active transport NaCl, HCO3- out, K+ and H+ into tube

Passive transport- H2O out into blood

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40
Q

transport in outer medulla

A

descending loop of henle, H2O diffuses out passively b/c NaCl forces it out
Ascending loop of henle NaCl out actively

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41
Q

transport in inner medulla

A

NaCl passively out

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42
Q

collecting duct

A

NaCl, urea, and H2O out, passive as solute to increase osmotic forces

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43
Q

filtrate

A

H2O, HCO3, salts, H+, glucose, amino acids, urea

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44
Q

permeablity of descending loop of henle

A

water, not salt

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45
Q

permeablity of ascending loop of henle

A

salt, not water

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46
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone- increases water permability and absorption produced by pituitary gland and hypothalamus gives signal to drink water
• Alcohol inhibits ADH leads to dehydration

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47
Q

2 chambered heart

A

one blood flow curcuit

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48
Q

3 chambered heart

A

right and left atrium, 1 ventricle- in amphibians, moist skin for gas exchange in skin capillaries

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49
Q

4 chambered heart with partial septum

A

mixes at ventricles in reptiles

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50
Q

4 chambered heart with full septum

A

double flow, right side sends deoxygenated blood to lungs and left sends oxygenated blood to body, mammalian never mixes!

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51
Q

veins and arteries are made of:

A

endothelium then smooth muscle then connective tissue

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52
Q

capillaries are made of:

A

endothelium and basal lamina (CT)

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53
Q

artery

A

carries blood away from heart

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54
Q

vein

A

carries blood to the heart

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55
Q

veins are different than arteries by…. and why?

A

Veins have one way valves that prevents backflow

  • b/c blood pressure is low b/c no pump on this side
  • skeletal muscles help move blood along too
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56
Q

blood pressure

A

force blood exerts on wall of pipe; artery>vein; systolic>diastolic

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57
Q

precapillary sphincters

A

switch blood flow on and off on certain paths

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58
Q

law of continuity

A

fluids flow faster through narrow pipes if the flow volume is constant

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59
Q

general blood pressure trends in aorta, capillaries and venules

A

aorta- strongest bc small area and high velocity
capillary- lowest bc high area and low velocity
venules- no bp bc no pump, small area and middle velocity

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60
Q

capillaries have _____ resistance to blood flow and why

A

greater bc dilation/constriction of smooth muscles and sphincters

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61
Q

things that can affect blood pressure

A

cardiac output, resistance, skeletal and smooth muscles, thoracic cavity volume and pressure, hormones, nerves

62
Q

gills

A

outfoldings of body surfaces which allow gas exchange in water

  • Warmer and saltier water has less oxygen content
  • Take in water by mouth, flows over gills, takes oxygen out and deposits co2
63
Q

Countercurrent exchange

A

fish use this to transfer oxygen from water into gills

64
Q

avian respiration

A

2 inhalations and 2 exhalations, 8-9 air sacs, makes organism less dense

65
Q

mammalian respiration

A

mouth -> pharynx -> trachea -> bronchus -> bronchioles -> alveoli
• Negative pressure breathing- ventilation
• inhale- ribcage expands, diaphragm goes down
• exhale- rib cage condenses, diaphragm goes up

66
Q

breathing is related to levels of ___

A

CO2

67
Q

normal blood pH

A

7.4

68
Q

more CO2 means what about pH

A

acidic

69
Q

what monitors cerebral spinal fluid and blood pH

A

medulla oblongata

70
Q

Hemocyanin

A

arthropods and mollusks have copper in blood, blue color, O2 dissolved in blood

71
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Fe in center of heme, binds to O2, binding changes shape=O2 affinity

72
Q

path of air in the body

A

Inhaled air – lungs- alveolar – pulmonary veins- heart- systematic arteries – capillaries – body tissues – systematic veins – heart- pulmonary arteries – alveolar cells – exhaled

73
Q

oxygen sensors in the ____ and ____ send signals to breathe

A

aorta and carotid artery

74
Q

3 stages of animal embryonic development

A
  1. Fertilization
  2. Cleavage and Gastrulation
  3. Organogenesis
75
Q

Fertilization in Sea Urchin

A
  1. Acrosomal reaction- releases hydrolytic enzymes, process elongates, membrane depolarized and fast block occurs in 1-3 seconds
  2. Cortical reaction- egg’s ER dumps Ca+ into the cytosol stimulating cortical granules to fuse with the plasma membrane, water swells vitelline space, creating fertilization envelope, slow block of polyspermy
  3. Egg activation- cell respiration and protein synthesis begin, H+ released from cell causing cytoplasm to change from acidic to basic, sperm and egg nuclei fuse, DNA replicate
76
Q

acrosomal rxn SU

A

releases hydrolytic enzymes, process elongates, membrane depolarized and fast block occurs in 1-3 seconds

77
Q

cortical rxn SU

A

egg’s ER dumps Ca+ into the cytosol stimulating cortical granules to fuse with the plasma membrane, water swells vitelline space, creating fertilization envelope, slow block of polyspermy

78
Q

egg activation SU

A

cell respiration and protein synthesis begin, H+ released from cell causing cytoplasm to change from acidic to basic, sperm and egg nuclei fuse, DNA replicate

79
Q

cleavage

A

rapid succession in cell divisions without an increase in size

80
Q

blastula

A

hollow, single cell layer surrounds with a fertilization envelope

81
Q

gastrula

A

3 layered embryo

82
Q

capacitation in mammals

A

“maturing of sperm” the destabilisation of the acrosomal sperm head membrane allowing greater binding between sperm and oocyte. The result is a more fluid membrane with an increased permeability to Ca2+

83
Q

how is mammalian fertilization different than sea urchin

A

mammal sperm fuses with secondary oocyte and also sperm must migrate through follicle layer

84
Q

ectoderm

A

outer layer, nervous system

85
Q

mesoderm

A

space between 2 layers, gives rise to skeleton, kidneys, heart, muscle, skin

86
Q

endoderm

A

inner layer, forms digestive tract lining, liver, pancreas etc

87
Q

Coelom

A

body cavity between intestinal canal and body wall

88
Q

Blastocoel

A

fluid filled cavity of a blastula

89
Q

difference between frog and a sea urchin

A

frog embryos have melanin pigment that begins forming/showing at zygote stage, melanin is concentrated at the animal pole on the anterior side

90
Q

where is melanin concentrated

A

anterior side

91
Q

where is yolk concentrated

A

vegetal pole

92
Q

cleavage is ___ and ___ in deutrostomes

A

radial and indeterminate

93
Q

4 body axes

A

anterior, posterior, ventral and dorsal

94
Q

organogenesis

A

develops rudimentary organs from the 3 germs layers

95
Q

somites

A

paired strips of the mesoderm that form vertebrae and muscles lateral to notochord

96
Q

neural tube

A

becomes spinal cord/nervous system from ectoderm

97
Q

notochord

A

between gut and nerve cord, vertebrae form around it, skeletal support, padding between the vertebrae, formed from dorsal mesoderm

98
Q

neuralation

A

formation of the nervous system from ectoderm

99
Q

blastodisc is made of

A

epiblast and hypoblast cells, with primitive streak

100
Q

Adult derivatives of the 3 germ layers in vertebrates

A
  • Ectoderm- epidermis, nervous tissue, sensory, teeth
  • Mesoderm- skeletal, muscular, circulatory, lymphatic, excretory, reproductive, dermis
  • Endoderm- digestive, epithelial linings of organs, thyroid
101
Q

All vertebrate embryos require _____ environments

A

aqueous

102
Q

nervous system consists of

A

circuits of neurons and supporting cells

103
Q

4 major membranes of shelled eggs

A

Amnion- contains and protects embryo
Allantois- stores nitrogenous waste
Chorion- outside container
Yolk sac- food source, own circulatory system

104
Q

2 things unique to all animals

A

nerves and muscles- electrical!

105
Q

Nervous systems reflect ____!

A

reflect body plan and nerve need!

106
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system- brain and spinal cord

107
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system- outer nerves

108
Q

dendrite

A

branches

109
Q

axon

A

long branch

110
Q

terminal branches

A

end of axon

111
Q

myelin sheath

A

covers axon, prevents electrical leak

112
Q

schwann cells

A

PNS end of axon cells

113
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

CNS end of axon cells

114
Q

glial cells

A

no electrical impulses

protective, insulating, structural

115
Q

myelin sheath made of

A

lipids bc no charge

116
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

enhance transmission- spaces between Schwann cells

117
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

transmitter

118
Q

Postsynaptic neuron

A

receiver

119
Q

ganglion

A

cluster of cells in PNS

120
Q

nucleii

A

cluster of cells in CNS

121
Q

sensory neuron

A

detects info, sends of CNS

122
Q

interneuron

A

in CNS connects neuron to neuron only

123
Q

motor neuron

A

conducts signal from brain to effector cell

124
Q

Convergent circuits

A

integrates info from several sources- presynaptic neurons come together at one post synaptic neuron

125
Q

one post synaptic neuron

Divergent circuits

A

single source to many parts of the brain- single presynaptic neuron meets several postsynaptic neurons

126
Q

Reverberating circuits

A

signal returns to source neuron- interneurons in the brain memory/learn

127
Q

Transmission of neural info

A

changes in voltage across plasma membranes

128
Q

voltage changes are caused by _____

A

ion movement across channels in the membrane

129
Q

ions that cause voltage change

A

K+, Na+, Cl-, A- - sodium potassium pump
o A-= large organic molecules, proteins, AAs, SO4, PO4 ANIONS that cannot pass through membrane and make an internal negative charge

130
Q

Bastula

A

hollow, single cell layer surrounds with a fertilization envelope

131
Q

Gastrula

A

3 layered embryo

132
Q

Excitable cells

A

neuron and muscles cells; only they can change their membrane potentials

133
Q

Gated ion channels

A

permit ion movement; can open or close; 2 types, chemically gated- chemical stimuli and voltage gated- membrane potential volt change

134
Q

resting potential

A

-70mV

135
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

stimuli increases voltage difference
stimuli opens up K+ channels, K+ flows out of cell increasing the voltage difference making cell more negative bc positive ions leave

136
Q

depolarization

A

stimuli reduces voltage on membrane
stimuli opens Na+ channel, Na+ flows into cell, decreasing voltage difference and making the cell more positive bc adding positive charge

137
Q

K+ intra or extracellular

A

intra

138
Q

Na+ intra or extracellular

A

extra

139
Q

Cumulative stimuli

A

on neuron membrane, can exceed a specific level or threshold triggering an Action potential which is an all or nothing response

140
Q

Graded potentials

A

voltage changes response depends on magnitude of change, not all or none

141
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

way vertebrates increase action potential speed, Na+ and K+ channels concentrated at Nodes of Ranvier creating an action potential that jumps from node to node, voltage gated ion channels are not at myelin covered areas, only where there is direct contact to extracellular fluid

142
Q

Synapse

A

gap btwn terminal axon and signal receiving portion of next neuron or effector
Found btwn sensory receptors and neurons and motor neurons and muscle cells

143
Q

2 types of synapses

A

chemical- neurotransmitters and electrical- AP spreads directly from one to next

Ligand gated ion channel- short lived, neurotransmitters attach to it and confirmation change the proteins which is the signal for post cell to do something

144
Q

neurotransmitters hang out in

A

synaptic cleft

145
Q

what ion helps release neurotransmitters

A

Ca2+

146
Q

when there is multiple synaptic inputs, what effect happens

A
  • if the combined effect of all depolarizes the membrane then an action potential is made
147
Q

2 types of action potential responses

A

excitatory and inhibitory

148
Q

Gastrulation starts when

A

Mesenchyme cells migrate

148
Q

explanation for blood pH curve at rest vs exercise

A

exercise means that you need ATP and that mean cellular respiration has to happen which means CO2 waste which means lower blood pH means less ability to bind O2

149
Q

Mesenchyme cells form

A

Filipodia

150
Q

Endoderm forms

A

Archentron

From Flashcardlet (20 decks)

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