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Genetics > Ch. 2: Single-Gene Inheritance > Flashcards

Ch. 2: Single-Gene Inheritance Flashcards

0
Q

Mutants

A

Individuals that deviate from the typical organism( typical=wild type); ex. White eyes in Drosophila

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1
Q

Gene Discovery

A

Geneticists try to discover new genes to see what affect they have on an organism

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2
Q

Screening

A

Hunt for mutants by systematically screening a large number of individuals

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3
Q

Nucleolus

A

Where ribosomal RNA is synthesized and early stages of ribosomal assembly occur

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4
Q

Mitosis and it’s steps

A

Purpose is to perfectly replicate somatic cells; Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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5
Q

Karyokinesis

A

Genetic material divided by nuclear division

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6
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Process of cytoplasm division

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7
Q

How does DNA in the Nucleus exist?

A

As dispersed chromatin except when the cell divides

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8
Q

Nucleolar Organizer Regions

A

The areas that Nucleoli form around areas of DNA that code for RNA

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9
Q

Nucleoid Region

A

In bacteria, the region that contains the circular DNA molecule since there is no distinct nucleus

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10
Q

Homologues/ homologous pairs

A

Most chromosomes in diploid organisms exist as these, one coming from each parent, and each have identical GENE LOCI but may have two different ALLELES at a locus; except sex chromosomes

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11
Q

How much DNA does one chromosome contain?

A

One Molecule

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12
Q

DNA length is wrapped up around spools known as…

A

Nucleosomes

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13
Q

Each nucleosome is composed of proteins called…

A

Histones

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14
Q

Dense chromatin are called…

A

Heterochromatin

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15
Q

Less dense chromatin are called…

A

Euchromatin

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16
Q

The ends of chromosomes are called…

A

Telomeres

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17
Q

Where is heterochromatin mainly found?

A

Around the centromere and at the telomeres

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18
Q

Mendel- units of inheritance: Today- ?

A

Genes

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19
Q

Mendelian/ transmission genetics

A

Relating genes to chromosomes and discovering inheritance patterns

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20
Q

MonoHybrid Cross Txt=?

A

3:1 ratio

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21
Q

Genetic character is controlled by pairs of…

A

Particulate/ unit factors

22
Q

What is the Law of Segregation?

A

Paired unit factors separate or segregate randomly so that each gamete receives either one with equal chance

23
Q

What are the alternative forms of genotype a represented by the two unit factors (genes)?

A

Alleles

24
Q

Crossing with a recessive individual is called…

A

A test cross

25
Q

What is the purpose of Mitosis?

A

To perfectly replicate somatic cells; asexually in single-celled organisms

26
Q

Cell Cycle

A

The entire sequence of events from one division until the beginning of the next division

27
Q

Describe Interphase

A

-phase between divisions
-3 phases: G1, S, and G2
(Sometimes G0, a resting phase)

28
Q

What are the 4 stages of cell division?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

29
Q

What is a Dyad?

A

When chromosomes condense and become obviously doubled in structure

30
Q

What does a Dyad contain and where?

A

Contains two sister chromatids at the centromere

31
Q

Describe Meiosis

A
  • occurs in reproductive tissue in plants and animals
  • necessary to restore haploid cells to a diploid number
  • 2 divisions: Reductional and Equational
  • Meiosis I and Meiosis II
32
Q

Synapse

A

When homologous chromosomes pair together

33
Q

Chromosomes replicate in Prophase I into two daughter chromatids to form a…

A

Dyad

34
Q

Synaptonemal Complex

A

Structure that looks like a zipper found between synapsed homologues

35
Q

What are paired dyads?

A

Bivalents

36
Q

Two paired dyads are called…

A

A tetrad

37
Q

Chiasma

A

When one can see the areas where non-sister chromatids are joined

38
Q

Independent Assortment

A

Random alignment of chromosomes and later separate

39
Q

Disjunction

A

When each chromosome (Dyad) moves to one pole and the other to the other pole

40
Q

Nondisjunction

A

When an error occurs and chromosomes do not move apart

41
Q

Gametogenesis

A

The process by which gametes are formed; gametes are haploid

42
Q

What are the three stages of gameteogenesis?

A

Maturation
Meiosis
Transformation

43
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Primary spermocytes, then secondary spermatocytes and spermatids, then to sperm

44
Q

What process reduces from diploid to haploid and why?

A

Meiosis; so that when gametes unite the diploid number is restored

45
Q

What process promotes genetic variation via shuffling of chromosomes to poles?

A

Meiosis

46
Q

What is Nondisjunction?

A

Failure of chromosomes to separate

47
Q

What are null alleles?

A

Proteins with no function at all

48
Q

What are leaky mutations?

A

Production of an enzyme that has reduced level of effectiveness

49
Q

What is haplosufficient?

A

Genotype a that are able to produce the wild phenotype with just one wild type allele

50
Q

What is haploinsufficient?

A

When a single wild type allele cannot provide enough to give the wild type phenotype

51
Q

Different inheritance of genes on sex chromosomes is known as?

A

Sex linkage or X-linkage

52
Q

What is a pedigree used for?

A

To trace various traits or characteristics and deduce both inheritance of a trait and the probability of various individuals being heterozygous

Genetics (6 decks)

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