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Genetics > Ch. 5: The Genetics Of Bacteria And Their Viruses > Flashcards

Ch. 5: The Genetics Of Bacteria And Their Viruses Flashcards

0
Q

Transduction

A

Partial genome transfer by DNA uptake

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1
Q

Recombination

A

When bacteria and/or phases undergo an exchange of genes. 3 types: conjugation, transformation, and transduction

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2
Q

Conjugation

A

Bacteria that are connected can transfer plasmid or partial genome during conjugation

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3
Q

Transduction

A

Virus attaches to bacteria, then partial bacteria genome becomes part of virus genome and that can transfer to other bacteria

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4
Q

Are all bacteria haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid

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5
Q

Auxotroph

A

Bacteria that cannot grow in minimal medium

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6
Q

Prototroph

A

Bacteria that can grow in minimal medium

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7
Q

Lag phase

A

Growth in bacteria is slow at first

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8
Q

Log phase

A

Comes after lag phase, it is the period of rapid growth

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9
Q

Stationary phase

A

The last phase in bacteria where no additional growth or cell division occurs

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10
Q

What is the basic process of conjugation

A
  • involves genetic exchange from one bacterium to another
  • also involves genetic recombination but in this case means the replacement of genes rather than exchange
  • but can use this replacement as mapping indication and so can map genes in bacteria as well
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11
Q

Who performed the original experiment for conjugation

A

Lederberg and Tatum

-took multiple auxotrophic strains of E Coli and crossed them in medium which resulted in prototrophs (recombination must have occurred)

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12
Q

Explain F+ and F- Bacteria

A

The two types of bacteria in Lederberg and Tatums cross. A conjugation tube called the F pilus or sex pilus is formed between the mating bacteria

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13
Q

Sex pilus

A

Served to draw bacteria together until they share a common boundary

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14
Q

F factor

A

Also called the fertility factor that allows bacteria to donate part of their chromosome during conjugation

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15
Q

F+ X F- mating

A

Nearly resulted in all F- becoming F+. The F factor can pass from one cell to another replicate in recipient and make the recipient an F+ type

DO NOT GET RECOMBINATION, only the donation of the F factor

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16
Q

High-frequency recombinants Hfr

A

When few F+ bacteria become this type, they were capable of producing recombinant recipients

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17
Q

Who performed the famous interrupted meeting experiment and what was the experiment

A

Wollman and Jacob

Putting bacteria in a blender to disrupt mating and resulted in recipients remaining F- Which suggested that the F factor did not get transferred

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18
Q

Merozygote

A

part of bacterial chromosome gets in consisting of one complete genome

19
Q

Exogenote

A

Part of bacterial chromosome gets in and has a partial genome

20
Q

What are the units of mapping based on

A

minutes

21
Q

What happens if the F factor becomes dissattached from the bacterial chromosome

A

The Hfr cell becomes F+ and can pick up a and b genes

22
Q

what happens to the small pieces of DNA taken up by transformation

A

Like conjugation must be integrated into the bacterial genome

23
Q

What is the process of transformation

A

Starts when DNA outside of bacteria binds at receptor site on a competent bacterial cell (must be in a state of competence)

then DNA is passed into the cell active transport, and one of the two strands of DNA is degraded leaving only one left

Finally the surviving DNA strand pairs with homologous region which it replaces

24
Q

What is the final product of transformation after replication

A

Get one cell with original genotype but the other has transformed genes

25
Q

Linked genes

A

Genes carried on DNA that get transformed are obviously close to each other on the chromosome

26
Q

Phases

A

Viruses that attack bacteria

27
Q

What happens when a virus binds to bacteria

A

Bacteria DNA, RNA, and protein production stops and phage DNA is transferred into bacteria and starts replicating

28
Q

Lysozyme

A

An enzyme that is distructive to bacteria

29
Q

Lysis

A

When a bacterial cell bursts

30
Q

Components of a phage

A

Tail, head, tail fibers

31
Q

How are phages reproduced

A

Components of phage are produced linked together and get new phages

32
Q

Plaques

A

Clear areas where all bacteria have been lysed

33
Q

Lysogeny

A

When some phages do not go through the lyric cycle, INSTEAD DNA from phage integrates onto chromosome

34
Q

Prophage

A

Integrated DNA

35
Q

Temperate phages

A

Can lyse the cell or act as prophage

36
Q

Virulent phage

A

Can only lyse the cell

37
Q

Lysogenic

A

Bacteria that has prophage

38
Q

Episome

A

Viral DNA that can replicate either in bacterial cytoplasm or as part of the bacterial chromosome

39
Q

Generalized Transduction

A

Occurs when any region of the bacterial chromosome is mistakenly packaged

Can occur by either lytic or temperate phages

40
Q

Complete transduction

A

DNA sometimes integrates into bacterial genome and then can replicate with it

41
Q

Abortive transduction

A

If DNA does not integrate, it sits outside the bacterial cell chromosome and is passed from cell to cell and cannot replicate

42
Q

Specialized transduction

A

When a prophage makes a mistake during detachment and carries a bacterial gene or two in place of its own DNA

Makes a defective phage

43
Q

Negative interference

A

Recombination that gives more doubles than expected

44
Q

Complementation

A

Occurs when two strains of an organism with different mutations that produce the same phenotype

Ex. Bacteria that grows only on Plate B can grow on plate K when crossed with a bacteria after recombination

45
Q

A group of mutations is said to be in the same…

A

Cistron, or functional genetic unit

Genetics (6 decks)

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