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8th Science - Earth and Space > Test 12, Chapters 1 - 12, Final Exam > Flashcards

Test 12, Chapters 1 - 12, Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What process breaks rocks down into soil?

A

weathering

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2
Q

What is a theory that has never been proven false?

A

law

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3
Q

The amount of matter in an object is the

A

mass

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4
Q

What branch of science is the study of the earth?

A

geology

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5
Q

What type of mountain was formed when rocks on one side of a fault were forced upward while the rocks on the other side were forced downward?

A

fault-block

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6
Q

What type of lava rock is rough and jagged with a crumbly or “blocky” texture?

A

aa lava

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7
Q

The theory that the earth’s crust and upper mantle consist of huge plates slowly drifting as a result of convection currents in the mantle is the ____ theory.

A

plate tectonics

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8
Q

What type of volcano consists primarily of erupted volcanic ash and rock fragments held together loosely?

A

cinder-cone

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9
Q

What i the general term for crystalline substances found naturally in the earth?

A

minerals

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10
Q

The resistance of a smooth surface of a mineral to being scratched is

A

hardness

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11
Q

Steel is an alloy of ____ and carbon.

A

iron

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12
Q

What is the red variety of corundum?

A

ruby

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13
Q

What is the largest group of minerals?

A

silicates

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14
Q

What is a low hill formed when a glacier overruns a moraine?

A

drumlin

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15
Q

any harmful substance released into the soil, air, or water

A

pollution

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16
Q

the falling of acidic precipitation onto the planet

A

acid deposition

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17
Q

term meaning “caused by humans”

A

anthropogenic

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18
Q

method of producing electricity that uses lenses or mirrors to focus the sun’s rays into a small beam that heats a fluid

A

concentrating solar energy

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19
Q

cold period that lasted from the 1300s to around 1850

A

Little Ice Age

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20
Q

system that removes certain gases and particles from industrial exhaust

A

scrubber

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21
Q

synthetic gas used for fuel

A

syngas

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22
Q

branch of science that studies the interactions of the physical world

A

environmental science

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23
Q

processes that recycle minerals and other nutrients in the environment

A

biogeochemical (or nutrient) cycles

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24
Q

what is a fan-shaped deposit of sediments at the mouth of a river?

A

delta

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25
Q

weathering that involves the breaking or peeling away of rock into layers is

A

exfoliation

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26
Q

What are regions of the earth’s surface where limestone is exposed and abundant?

A

karst

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27
Q

what idea attempts to reconcile the Bible and evolution?

A

theistic evolution

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28
Q

What false belief says that all geological processes have always proceeded at the same rate?

A

uniformitarianism

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29
Q

the deep-sea-fish living fossil once thought to be the ancestor of the first amphibians is

A

coelacanth

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30
Q

what term refers to the sudden appearance of life in the fossil record?

A

Cambrian explosion

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31
Q

the hypothetical time scale that supposedly charts both the earth’s history and the sequence of the rock layers in the earth’s crust is the

A

geologic column

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32
Q

what are movements of ocean water caused primarily by the moon?

A

tides

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33
Q

what type of bottle is used to collect water samples form the ocean depths?

A

Niskin bottles

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34
Q

what is a sandy, gently sloping underwater plain near a continent?

A

continental shelf

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35
Q

what affects insolation?

A

angle of sun’s rays, cloud cover, length of daytime

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36
Q

what is the atmosphere’s “weather layer”?

A

troposphere

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37
Q

what is the general term for a naturally occurring material that mankind can use?

A

natural resource

38
Q

what branch of science develops new methods of conservation through the application of environmental science?

A

environmental technology

39
Q

what is the process of quickly and safely returning wastewater to the environment?

A

water reclamation

40
Q

what are devices, made from semiconducting materials, that convert sunlight directly into electricity?

A

photovoltaic cells

41
Q

name the process in which an atom of an element with a large nucleus breaks into two atoms of elements with smaller nuclei, releasing an enormous amount of energy.

A

nuclear fission

42
Q

what is the most widely used form of renewable energy?

A

hydroelectric power

43
Q

what term refers to a situation in which cool air at the earth’s surface is overlaid by warm air?

A

temperature inversion

44
Q

what is a place where garbage is collected, stored, and covered?

A

landfill

45
Q

what is the continued process of atoms splitting and releasing neutrons that trigger more atoms to split?

A

nuclear chain reaction

46
Q

what type of wind reverses its direction from season to season?

A

monsoon

47
Q

heat transfer by air movements is

A

convection

48
Q

what is the change in the direction of winds caused by Earth’s rotation?

A

Coriolis effect

49
Q

the boundary formed when a warm air mass moves into the territory of a cold air mass is an

A

warm front

50
Q

which type of clouds are thunderstorm clouds?

A

cumulonimbus

51
Q

what term describes air with a relative humidity of 100%?

A

saturated

52
Q

what type of tropical cyclone has wind speeds of 74 mph or more?

A

hurricane

53
Q

what device measures relative humidity?

A

hygrometer

54
Q

a device that measure wind speed

A

anemometer

55
Q

what is a localized storm with lightning, thunder, strong winds, and heavy rain?

A

thunderstorm

56
Q

what is an abrupt discharge of electricity through the air?

A

lightning

57
Q

A Hertzsprung-Russell diagram is a two-dimensional graph that compares stars by their brightness and

A

temperature

58
Q

the unit of measurement approximately equal to the distance between the sun and the earth is the

A

astronomical unit

59
Q

the point on the earth’s surface directly above an earthquake’s focus is the

A

epicenter

60
Q

the study of the earth’s oceans is

A

oceanography

61
Q

a narrow funnel of powerful, rapidly whirling wind that stretches from a cloud to the ground is a

A

tornado

62
Q

a planet’s farthest distance from the sun is

A

aphelion

63
Q

the idea that the planets, including Earth, orbit the sun is the __________ view of the solar system.

A

heliocentric

64
Q

a telescope that uses a series of lenses to produce an image is a _______ telescope

A

refracting

65
Q

a person who believes that humans are merely passing through the earth and have no claim to anything on it is a

A

preservationist

66
Q

a pollutant that comes directly from a pollution source is a ________ pollutant.

A

primary

67
Q

using the solar energy that naturally falls on a building to heat it directly is _______ solar energy.

A

passive

68
Q

living things that influence an environment are ____ factors

A

biotic

69
Q

be able to identify the Ursa Major constellation

A

big bear!! (that looks like a 3 legged praying mantis)

70
Q

which scientific law states that the planets’ orbits are ellipses?

A

first law of planetary motion

71
Q

what is the largest planet in our solar system?

A

Jupiter

72
Q

which constellation includes the star Rugulus?

A

Leo

73
Q

the equation of time is the relationship between apparent solar time and

A

mean solar time

74
Q

in what type of orbit does a satellite stay above the same point on the earth’s surface?

A

geostationary orbit

75
Q

what are the two points on the ecliptic at which the sun is farthest from the celestial equator?

A

solstices

76
Q

who was the first person to travel in space?

A

Yuri Gagarin

77
Q

the hypothesis that long-living halogen compounds can cause ozone depletion is the ______ hypothesis

A

Rowland-Molina

78
Q

ozone levels are measured in ______ units

A

Dobson

79
Q

what greenhouse gas is claimed to be the main cause of anthropogenic global warming?

A

carbon dioxide

80
Q

what is the most dangerous aspect of modern environmentalism?

A

promoting a reverence for creation that should be reserved for God alone

81
Q

the agreement that called for the reduction and eventual elimination of CFCs was the

A

Montreal Protocol

82
Q

A thick, brownish haze that results from complex molecules released into the air by vehicles and some factories and plants is

A

photochemical smog

83
Q

the study of God’s creation beyond the atmosphere is

A

astronomy

84
Q

a pollutant that comes from multiple sources in a ______ pollutant.

A

non-point-source

85
Q

the bacteria that live in the intestines of humans and animals and are used to determine if pathogens are present in the water are _____ bacteria.

A

coliform

86
Q

Natural resources that regenerate slowly, if at all, are _____ resources.

A

nonrenewable

87
Q

a device that generates electricity by wind-caused motion is a

A

wind turbine

88
Q

the purified form of limestone that is used to correct overly acidic soil and can be used to restore acidic lakes and streams quickly is

A

agricultural lime

89
Q

the general term for energy generated by natural sources and naturally replenished is _____ energy.

A

renewable

90
Q

a device that safely starts and controls a fission chain reaction is a

A

nuclear reactor

8th Science - Earth and Space (48 decks)

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