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AP Psychology > Cognition and Learning > Flashcards

Cognition and Learning Flashcards

1
Q

encoding

A

the processing of information into the memory system

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2
Q

visual encoding

A

the encoding of picture images

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3
Q

acoustic encoding

A

the encoding of sound

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4
Q

semantic encoding

A

the encoding of meaning

**retains the most information

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5
Q

hippocampus

A

processes explicit memory for storage

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6
Q

effortful processing

A

encoding that requires conscious effort and attention

ie riding a bike

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7
Q

automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental info and of well learned info
ie where you ate yesterday

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8
Q

rehearsal

A

conscious repetition of info

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9
Q

mnemonics

A

memory aids, usually used as organizational devices

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10
Q

chunking

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable units

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11
Q

spacing effect

A

information is better retained when learned over a period of time

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12
Q

serial position effect

A

our tendency to best recall the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items on a list

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13
Q

storage

A

the retention of encoded info over time

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14
Q

sensory memory

A

the immediate, initial recording of sensory info in the memory system

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15
Q

iconic memory

A

momentary visual sensory memory; lasts no more than a few tenths of a second

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16
Q

echoic memory

A

momentary auditory memory; sounds and words can be recalled within 3-4 seconds

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17
Q

short term memory (working)

A

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the info is stored or forgotten
lasts about 20 sec can contain 5-9 items
important info goes to long term

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18
Q

long term memory

A

the relatively permanent and unlimited storehouse of memory system

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19
Q

explicit (aka Declarative) memory

A

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”

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20
Q

semantic memory

A

facts and general knowledge

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21
Q

episodic memory

A

personally experienced events

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22
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering to do something in the future

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23
Q

implicit (aka procedural) memory

A

retention without conscious recollection (such as skills)

cerebellum plays a role

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24
Q

flashbulb memories

A

a clear memory of an emotionally significant event

hormones released during emotional moments enhance the memory creation

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25
Q

storing memories

A

memories are stored all throughout the brain

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26
Q

long term potentiation (LTP)

A

increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; the neural basis for learning and memory

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27
Q

retrieval

A

the process of getting information out of memory storage

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28
Q

priming

A

the activation of particular associations in memory
ie “when i hear ____, I think of ____”
Mnemonic devices

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29
Q

context effects

A

we remember better when we are in the same context as when we originally learned the info

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30
Q

Deja Vu

A

probably just cues from the current situation triggering retrieval of an earlier experience

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31
Q

mood congruent memory

A

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s mood

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32
Q

recall

A

a measure of memory in which a person must retrieve info learned earlier without reference
ie list presidents
essay, short answer, fill in the blank

33
Q

recognition

A

a measure of memory in which one need only identify items previously learned
ie list the presidents while using a picture
multiple choice

34
Q

failure to encode

A

sometimes we fail to encode because there is just too much information and we don’t notice small details

35
Q

hermann ebbinghous study / curve of forgetting

A

learned lists of nonsense syllables (dak, bax, etc.) then measured how much he remembered from 20 mins to 30 days later
(lose a lot of info right away and then there’s a leveling off)

36
Q

amnesia

A

the loss of memory

37
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to create memories

38
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to recall memories

39
Q

proactive interference

A

disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info
PeDaL: Prior Disrupts Later
ie calling your new gf by your old gf’s name

40
Q

retroactive interference

A

disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info

ie you call your old gf by your new gf’s name

41
Q

repression

A

a basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

42
Q

misinformation effect

A

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

43
Q

imagination effect

A

repeatedly imagining non existent actions and events can create false memories

44
Q

polygraphs

A

compare physiological responses between “control” and “relevant” questions

45
Q

source amnesia

A

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

46
Q

phoneme

A

the smallest distinctive sound units

we have trouble pronouncing phonemes of other langages

47
Q

morpheme

A

the smallest unit that carries meaning, may be a word or part of a word (such as a prefix)

48
Q

grammar

A

a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

49
Q

(deep) semantics

A

the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language

50
Q

(surface) syntax

A

the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

51
Q

how many words does the average high school graduate know?

A

60,000

52
Q

babbling stage

A

first occurs around 4 months of age
the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
resembles household language around 10 months

53
Q

one-word stage

A

first occurs around 12 months of age

child mostly speaks in single words

54
Q

two-word stage

A

first occurs around 24 months of age
child mostly speaks in two word statements
after this, child will rapidly begin formulating sentences

55
Q

Noam Chomsky’s Theory of Inborn Universal Grammar

A

believed humans had a “language acquisition device” (biological predisposition) to develop language (NATURE)

56
Q

B.F. Skinner’s Theory of Operant Learning

A

believed humans learn language through operant conditioning and social learning (NURTURE)

57
Q

Whorf’s Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis (aka linguistic determinism)

A

the idea that language determines the way we think

58
Q

cognition

A

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

59
Q

metacognition

A

the ability to analyze your own thoughts

includes the way we create concepts, solve problems, make decisions, and form judgments

60
Q

concept

A

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

61
Q

prototypes

A

a mental image or best example of a concept

62
Q

algorithms

A

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

63
Q

heuristics

A

a rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently (speedier but error prone)

64
Q

insight

A

a sudden and novel realization of the solution to the problem

65
Q

artificial intelligence

A

the science of designing computer systems to perform operations that mimic human thinking

66
Q

what can computers do better than humans?

A

manipulate huge amounts of data, retrieve detailed information from memory, make decisions using specified rules

67
Q

what are computers worse at than humans?

A

computers can not fear, desire, have beliefs or other subjective mental states

68
Q

Animal cognition

A

animals think, are culturally diverse, and exhibit language

smartest animals are the equivalent to 2 year old humans

69
Q

hindsight bias

A

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

70
Q

confirmation bias

A

a tendency to search for information the confirms one’s perception

71
Q

fixation

A

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective

72
Q

mental set

A

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

73
Q

functional fixedness

A

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions

74
Q

framing

A

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments

75
Q

belief perseverance

A

clinging to initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

76
Q

overconfidence

A

the tendency to be more confident than correct

77
Q

barnum effect

A

the tendency for people to believe very vague or general characterizations of themselves

78
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

a rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes

79
Q

availability heuristic

A

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

AP Psychology (14 decks)

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