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AP Psychology > Motivation, Emotion, and Stress > Flashcards

Motivation, Emotion, and Stress Flashcards

1
Q

instinct theory/evolutionary perspective

A

we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors
unlearned behaviors that have a fixed pattern throughout a species
primarily applies to animals

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2
Q

drive reduction theory

A

behavior is motivated by physiological needs
these physiological needs create physiological drives
your body’s goal is to maintain homeostasis (pH and pOH balance)

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3
Q

push factor

A

our physiological need to reduce drives (internal)

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4
Q

pull factor

A

incentive environmental stimuli that motivate behavior (external)

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5
Q

arousal theory

A

we are motivated to seek an optimum level of arousal

if our drives are being met, we are more motivated to engage in behavior not related to physiological drives

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6
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

a moderate amount of stress or anxiety increases our performance

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7
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

describes our motivation for certain behaviors

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8
Q

stomach contractions

A

accompany our feelings of hunger, but hunger remains if stomach is removed, therefore hunger does not come solely from the stomach

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9
Q

blood sugar glucose

A

our hormone insulin naturally uses glucose (a blood sugar in our bodies) for a variety of functions
when our glucose gets too low, our brain will trigger hunger

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10
Q

brain basis of hunger

A

stimulation to lateral hypothalamus increases hunger
(LH = Large Hunger)
stimulation to ventromedial hypothalamus decreases hunger

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11
Q

stomach hormones

A

a hormone that increases hunger is ghrelin

hormones that decrease hunger include obestatin, PYY, and Leptin

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12
Q

set point theory

A

your body acts like a “weight thermostat”

you experience changes in hunger and metabolism when your body rises above or falls below your set weight

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13
Q

metabolism

A

body’s rate of energy expenditure

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14
Q

obesity

A

severely overweight to the point it causes health issues

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15
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

characterized by binging and purging

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16
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

starve/exercise themselves to below 85% of natural body weight (see themselves as fat)

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17
Q

what causes eating disorders?

A

genetics, body dissatisfaction, western cultures idolize thin

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18
Q

kinsey studies

A

interviewed almost 20,000 people in the 1940s and 1950s about their sexual behavior

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19
Q

masters and johnson study

A

during the late 50s and early 60s, they attaches people to recording equipment and measured physiological responses during sex and masturbation
they determined the human sexual response cycle

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20
Q

sexual response cycle

A

stages: excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution (with refraction periods)

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21
Q

the psychology of sex

A

despite stereotypes, both men and women become aroused to seeing, hearing, and reading erotic material
the more an individual views sexually violent media, the more their acceptance of rape and willingness to hurt women increases
viewing images of sexually attractive men and women tends to make people devalue their own partners
this also applies to viewing pornography/devaluing your own sex life

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22
Q

adolescent sexuality

A

compared with European teens, American teens have a lower rate of contraceptive use, a higher rate of teen pregnancy, and a higher rate of abortion Why?
ignorance, guilt about sex, alcohol use, mass media

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23
Q

sexual orientation

A
  • the enduring attraction toward another person
  • no link between environment and sexual orientation
  • therefore sexual orientation is likely biologically determined
  • Simon LeVay determined there were hypothalamus cluster size differences between heterosexuals and homosexuals
  • later research showed general brain hemisphere size differences in different orientations
  • homosexuality does appear to run in families
  • hormone levels in the prenatal environment have also been shown to affect orientation
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24
Q

need for achievement

A

this area measures your need to achieve success in life

people with high need in this area like moderately difficult tasks

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25
Q

Intrinsic motivators

A

exists within the individual

a desire to perform behavior effectively for it own sake

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26
Q

extrinsic motivators

A

exists outside the individual

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

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27
Q

need power

A

this area measures your need to influence and/or control other people
***if high in this area, you like to be in charge of situations

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28
Q

need for intimacy

A

this area measures your need to have close and warm relationships with others
these can be romantic relationships, friendships, family, etc.

29
Q

flow

A

a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills

30
Q

industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology

A

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

31
Q

personnel psychology

A

selecting and evaluating workers

32
Q

organizational psychology

A

considers how work and management influences worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity

33
Q

human factors psychology

A

explores how machines and environments can be optimally designed to fit human abilities

34
Q

theory X management

A

assumes employees are extrinsically motivated, lazy/dislike work

35
Q

theory Y management

A

assumes employees are intrinsically motivated and ambitious

36
Q

task leadership

A

goal oriented leaders who focus on organizing work

37
Q

social leadership

A

group orientated leaders who focus on building teamwork

38
Q

approach-approach conflict

A

choice between two positive outcomes

39
Q

avoidance-avoidance conflict

A

choice between two negative outcomes

40
Q

approach-avoidance conflict

A

one choice that has both positive and negative outcomes

41
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

the theory that experience of emotion is our awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
***a stimulus causes our body to respond first which then causes our emotion

42
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of the emotion
***A stimulus causes our body response and emotion at the same time

43
Q

Singer-Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory

A

the theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal
***combines the two previous theories and adds cognition

44
Q

Opponent Process Theory of Emotion

A

when an emotion is experienced, its opposite is repressed; when the emotion-causing stimulus is no longer present, the opposite emotion intensifies
***explains some thrill-seeking behaviors like skydiving

45
Q

two-track brain

A

sensory input may be (1) routed directly to the amygdala for an instant emotional reaction or (2) to the cortex for analysis before reaction
***brain “shortcuts” its normal process during dangerous situation

46
Q

spillover effect

A

emotional arousal from one event can “spill over” to a subsequent event

47
Q

adaptation level phenomenon

A

our tendency to form judgements relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

48
Q

relative deprivation

A

the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves

49
Q

catharsis

A

emotional release; research shows cathartic release typically breads more anger

50
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

experience of emotion causes physiological arousal

51
Q

Compared to men, women…

A

read people’s emotional cues better, spot lies better, express empathy and happiness more, but express anger less

52
Q

emotional expression

A

people more speedily detect an angry face than a happy one

53
Q

universal expressions

A

infants come equipped with seven naturally occurring emotions that are culturally universal

54
Q

happiness

A

correlated with self-esteem, close friendships, satisfying marriage, etc.

55
Q

fear

A

fear is adaptive; prepares our bodies to flee from danger

biologically predisposed to learn certain fears faster–snakes, spiders, etc.

56
Q

anger

A

genders respond differently, chronic hostility is linked to heart disease

57
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

body’s adaptive response to stress in 3 phases

58
Q

alarm

A

Sympathetic Nervous System begins activating in response to stressor

59
Q

resistance

A

body’s resources mobilize to fight challenge

60
Q

exhaustion

A

over extension of stress causes depletion of body’s reserves

61
Q

social readjustment rating scale

A

a stressor survey created to determine how much stress an individual has faced

62
Q

type A personality

A

people who are competitive, hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone
***often have more “negative emotions” which causes health detriments

63
Q

Type B personality

A

people who are easygoing and relaxed

***typically experience better, but also accomplish less

64
Q

coronary heart disease

A

because of the increase in stress in the average Americans lifestyle, it became the leading cause of death by the 1950s; remains so today

65
Q

-stress and *health indicators

A
  • pessimism
  • learned helplessness
  • higher socioeconomic status
  • high social support
  • laughing
  • owners of pets
  • DNA shortens and decays
66
Q

aerobic exercise

A

has been shown to be one of the best ways to manage stress, depression, and anxiety
boosts immune system
clears your mind

67
Q

meditation

A

has also been shown to decrease blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen consumption

68
Q

biofeedback

A

(a system for electronically feeding back information regarding physiological states) can help people monitor and control their stress

69
Q

alternative medicines

A

acupuncture
massage therapy
aromatherapy
***inconclusive evidence

AP Psychology (14 decks)

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