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Biochemistry > Amino Acid Metabolism > Flashcards

Amino Acid Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A
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2
Q

Nitrifying bacteria

A

oxidize NH4+ to NO3 provides energy for these microbes

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3
Q

Denitrifying bacteria

A

use NO2 as electron accepts instead of O2

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4
Q

Nitrogen fixing bacteria

A

reduce N2 to NH4+ as part of symbiosis with plants

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5
Q

Reactions that assimilate NH3+

A

Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I

Glutamate dehydrogenase

Glutamine synthetase

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6
Q

Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I

A

Ammonium is converted to carbamoyl-phosphate using 2 ATPs

2 versions of enzyme, one in cytosol and one in mitochondria

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7
Q

Glutamate dehydrogenase

A

Reductive amination of alpha-ketoglutarate to form glutamate

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8
Q

Glutamine sythetase

A

ATP-dependent

Amidation of gamma-carboxyl of glutamate to glutamine

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9
Q

Principle route to glutamine

A

GDH/GS in organisms rich in N

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10
Q

Secondary route to glutamine

A

GS/GOGAT in organisms confronting N limitation

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11
Q

Glutamine Synthetase (GS)

A

Glutamine is the key nitrogen donor

2 step reaction

Highly regulated

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12
Q

GS regulation

A

cumulative feedback

covalent modification

adenylyl transferase

PII (regulated by uridylyl transferase)

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13
Q

Alpha-ketoglutarate family amino acids

A

glutamate

glutamine

proline

arginine

lysine

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14
Q

Aspartate family amino acids

A

aspartate

asparagine

methionine

threonine

isoleucine

lysine

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15
Q

Pyruvate family amino acids

A

alanine

valine

leucine

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16
Q

3-phosphoglycerate family amino acids

A

serine

glycine

cysteine

17
Q

Phosphoenolpyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate family amino acids

A

phenylalanine

tyrosine

tryptophan

18
Q

Essential amino acids

A

arginine

histidine

isoleucine

leucine

lysine

methionine

phenylalanine

threonine

trytophan

valine

19
Q

Non-essential amino acids

A

alanine

asparagine

aspartate

cysteine

glutamate

glutamine

glycine

proline

serine

tyrosine

20
Q

Carbamoyl phosphate synthase I

A

1st committed step of urea cycle

2 ATP required

21
Q

Ornithine

A

precursor to arginine

intermediate in urea cycle

intermediate in arginine degradation

22
Q

Aspartate family- aspartate formation

A

formed from oxaloacetate by transfer of NH3 from glutamate

23
Q

Aspartate family- asparagine formation

A

formed by amidation of beta-carboxyl of aspartate

requires ATP adenylation reaction

24
Q

Pyruvate and 3-phosphoglycerate families- alanine formation

A

made directly from pyruvate

precursor for valine and leucine

25
Q

Pyruvate and 3-phosphoglycerate families- serine formation

A

E-PGA to serine

one ox to make alpha-keto acrid, transamidation, cleave off PO4

26
Q

Pyruvate and 3-phosphoglycerate families- glycine formation

A

made from serine by donating methylene group to tetrahydrofolate

27
Q

Pyruvate and 3-phosphoglycerate familes- cysteine formation

A

made from homocysteine and serine

28
Q

Ketogenic amino acids

A

Leucine

Lysine

Phenylalanine

Tyrosine

Isoleucine

Threonine

Tryptophan

29
Q

Amino acids for pyruvate

A

Ala, Ser, Cys, Gly, Thr, Trp

30
Q

Amino acids for acetoacetate

A

Leu, Lys, Phe, Tyr

31
Q

Amino acids for acetyl-CoA

A

Ile, Leu, Thr, Trp

32
Q

Amino acids for alpha-ketoglutarate

A

Arg, Glu, Gln, Pro, His

33
Q

Amino acids for succinyl-CoA

A

Ile, Met, Val

34
Q

Amino acids for fumarate

A

Asp, Phe, Tyr

35
Q

Amino acids for oxaloacetate

A

Asp, Arg

36
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

Enzyme- phenylalanine hydroxylase (absence)

Result- mental retardation

37
Q

Alkaptonuria

A

Enzyme- homogenistic acid oxidase (lack)

Result- brown/black urine, excrete large amounts of homogenistate

Biochemistry (12 decks)

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