3.5 economic migration

Question 1

what are the two causes of urbanisation

Answer 1

1.rural-urban migration
2.natural increase

Question 2

how have places developed rapidly

Answer 2

1. globalisation
2. cumulative causation

Question 3

what are the main pull/push factors

Answer 3

+ more opportunities eg.services,jobs
+safety
+education = international migrants
+more access to public services
-natural disasters
-poverty
-conflict

Question 4

Case study: Mumbai , example of rapid urban growth

1.background
2.social challenges

Answer 4

B-Mumbai is the capital city of
Maharashtra.2023 most populous city in India, population of 21.2 million.Mumbai is the wealthiest city in India and has the highest number of millionaires and billionaires among all cities in India
S-Mumbai’s train system suffers from some of the most severe overcrowding in the world, carrying 4,500 passengers in trains with a rated capacity of just 1,700.
-Traffic congestion contributes to increased air and noise pollution, leading to health problems, high accident rates, and environmental degradation.
E-Plastic takes thousands of years to degrade and Mumbai produces 800 tonnes of plastic waste per day.

Question 5

what are the 3 types of population movement have led to the growth of global hubs.

Answer 5

Elite International migrants
Low-waged international migrants
Internal migrants (rural-urban)

Question 6

Case study: international migration from high-wage economic migration to London , Russia (elite migration)

Answer 6

In 2014, 82% of house buyers in central London were foreign. Many were from Qatar and Russia. * High demand for housing is causing property price inflation, making central London too expensive
for most Londoners.
* However, elite migration is bringing investments to London. For example, investments in the
Shard, Canary Wharf and Harrods.

Question 7

Case study: international migration from low-wage economic migration to the UAE , India (low-waged international migrants)

Answer 7

Why are migrants moving from India to the UAE? Economic migrants – better job opportunities where they do not need to pay tax – its not too far from India.

What jobs are they taking up? Mainly construction jobs, accountants, medical consultants, waiters/waitresses, cleaners, cashiers, architects.

How many Indian migrants are there in the UAE? 2.8 million
What parts of the UAE are they moving to? Dubai, Abu Dhabi
How much money is returned to India as remittances? $13 billion in 2014

Why is the UAE very welcoming of these migrants? The UAE’s GDP grew from $2.5 billion to $370 billion due to economic migrants. There was also a shortage of domestic labour supply, which was too small and lacked the necessary skills.

Question 8

host country benefits : international migrants

Answer 8

-Fills particular skills shortages eg.doctor
-migrants willing to do labouring work that locals may be reluctant to eg.farming
-Working migrants spend their wages on rent, benefiting landlords, pay tax on legal earning
-migrants are ambitious entrepreneurs who establish new businesses employing others

Question 9

host country costs :international migration

Answer 9

-Social tensions arise if citizens of the host country believe migration has led to a lack of jobs or affordable housing .
-Political parties change their policies to address public concerns
-Local shortages of primary school places due to natural increase among youthful migrant communities eg. eu hotspot
-New markets can develop for ethnic food , bringing visible changes to the urban built environment. (cultural change)

Question 10

source country benefits: international migration

Answer 10

-Migrant remittances can contribute to national earnings significantly.eg. Indian remittances $13billion
-Less public spending on housing and health + more employment origin
-Migrants of their children may return, bringing new skills
-Some government spending costs (education, health) are transferred to the host region.

Question 11

source country costs : international migrants

Answer 11

-The economic loss of a generation of human resources, schooled at government expense, incl. key workers such as doctors, teachers
-Reduced economic growth as consumption falls.
-Increase in the proportion of ageing pop. dependents and the long-term economic challenge it creates.
-Closure of some university courses due to a lack of students.
-The closure of urban services and entertainment with a young adult market, bringing decline and dereliction to urban environments.