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Anatomy Section 3 > 3.5 Mediastinum > Flashcards

3.5 Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

Mediastinum contains:

A

-trachea
-nerves
-blood vessels
-lymph nodes
-thymus
-heart
-esophagus

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2
Q

Cranial mediastinum:

A

-lies cranial to the heart

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3
Q

Cranial mediastinum: dorsally:

A

-wide
>trachea and esophagus side by side
>cranial vena cava and brachiocephalic trunk

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4
Q

Cranial mediastinum: ventrally

A

-lymph nodes
-internal thoracic vessels
-fat
-thymus (young animals)
*narrows with regression of thymus: more space for the apices of the lungs

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5
Q

Middle mediastinum: dorsally

A

-slightly narrower than the heart
-termination of trachea
-esophagus
-aortic arch
-structures comprising the roots of the lungs
-lymph nodes

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6
Q

Middle mediastinum: dorsal, left and right

A

-right: flat
-left: aorta bulges and ‘indents’ the left lung
*heart within pericardium

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7
Q

Middle mediastinum: ventral

A

-between pericardium and sternum
-folded
-contains only the phrenicopericardiac ligament

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8
Q

phrenicopericardiac ligament:

A

-attaches the pericardium to the sternum and diaphragm
>more loose
>(sternopericardiac ligament in large species)

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9
Q

Caudal mediastinum:

A

-dorsal to the heart
-thin
-attaches to diaphragm far to the left of the median plane
-continues with the medially mediastinum cranially

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10
Q

Caudal mediastinum: dorsal part

A

-triangular
-aorta
-right azygos vein

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11
Q

Caudal mediastinum ventral part:

A

-esophagus
-delicate
-runs between pericardium and diaphragm

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12
Q

Infracardiac bursa:

A

-diverticulum of peritoneum that intrudes the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm
>lies against the right face of the esophagus
-extends from the diaphragm to the root of the lung
*occasionally the herniated part of an abdominal organ

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13
Q

Accessory lobe of the right lung occupies:

A

-the recess between mediastinum and fold enclosing the caudal vena cava

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14
Q

Phrenic nerve:

A

-last three nerves from the cervical vertebrae joined together
-BOTH afferent and efferent

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15
Q

Nervous system:

A

-CNS+PNS

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16
Q

Nerve:

A

-a group of neurons

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17
Q

Ganglion:

A

-clusters of nerve cell bodies in PNS

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18
Q

Nucleus:

A

-clusters of nerve cell bodies in the CNS

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19
Q

Peripheral nervous system divisions:

A

-somatic: afferent and efferent
-visceral: afferent and efferent
>motor: autonomic nervous system

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20
Q

Sensory portion:

A

-somatic and visceral afferents

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21
Q

Motor portion:

A

-somatic different from visceral

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22
Q

Visceral effect system:

A

-motor portion of the autonomic nervous system
-preganglionic and postganglionic axons

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23
Q

Makings of a spinal nerve: dorsal root

A

-sensory
-somatic and visceral AFFERENTS

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24
Q

Makings of a spinal nerve: ventral root

A

-motor
-somatic and visceral EFFERENTS

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25
Q

Course of sympathetic fibers:

A

-ventral root unites with dorsal root to form a spinal nerve
-ramus communicans
-sympathetic trunk

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26
Q

Ramus communicans:

A

-nerve from the ventral branch of the spinal nerve
-courses a short distance ventrally to join the sympathetic trunk

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27
Q

Sympathetic trunk:

A

-runs in a craniocaudal direction just lateral to the vertebral column
*ganglion at each point where a ramus joins it

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28
Q

Sympathetic trunk ganglion:

A

-contains cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic axons

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29
Q

Autonomic nervous system:

A

-mainly involuntary
-anatomically distinct parts
-synapses and cell bodies outside the CNS
-secretory and metabolic actions (muscle contractions)
-can INHIBIT and PROMOTE action
-slow conducting system

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30
Q

Visceral effect system

A

-motor portion of the autonomic nervous system
-preganglionic and postganglionic axons

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31
Q

2 parts of the autonomic nervous system:

A

-sympathetic
-parasympathetic
*differ anatomically, physiologically and pharmacologically

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32
Q

Somatic motor organization:

A

-efferent
-one neuron from CNS to effector organ
-voluntary
-fast
-myelinated

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33
Q

Sympathetic motor organization:

A

-short, myelinated pre-ganglionic neuron
-long post-ganglionic neuron
-NT: NE
*slower conducting system
*less precise, more generalized effect

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34
Q

Parasympathetic motor organization:

A

-long, myelinated pre-ganglionic neuron
-short post-ganglionic neuron
-very specific as pre-ganglionic neuron is so close to the effector
-NT: ACh

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35
Q

Sympathetic division:

A

-fight-or-flight
-more generalized response
-NE
-‘adrenergic’
-‘anti-adrenergic’ agents

36
Q

‘adrenergic’

A

-E
-dopamine
-isoproterenol

37
Q

Parasympathetic division:

A

-rest and digest
-more specific and discrete response
-‘cholinergic’ agents
-‘anticholinergic’ agents

38
Q

‘cholinergic’ agents;

A

-nicotine
-muscarine
-caffeine
-pilocarpine

39
Q

‘anticholinergic’ agents:

A

-atropine

40
Q

Innervation of parasympathetic division:

A

-cranio-sacral
>oculomotor
>facial
>glossopharyngeal
>vagal
>pelvic

41
Q

Vagus and vago-sympathetic trunk:

A

-only parasympathetic going down
-sympathetic part runs along it going to the head

42
Q

Innervation of the sympathetic division:

A

-thoraco-lumber
>T1-L5

43
Q

Digestive system: PS vs. S

A

-PS: increases peristalsis and amount of secretion by digestive glands
-S: decrease activity

44
Q

Liver: PS vs S

A

-PS: no effect
-S: causes glucose to be released to blood

45
Q

Lungs: PS vs S

A

-PS: constricts bronchioles
-S: dilates bronchioles

46
Q

Urinary bladder/urethra: PS vs S

A

-PS: relaxes sphincter
-S: constricts sphincter

47
Q

Kidneys: PS vs S

A

-PS: no effects
-S: decrease urine output

48
Q

Heart: PS vs S

A

-PS: decreases rate
-S: increases rate

49
Q

Blood vessels: PS vs S

A

-PS: no effect on most
-S: constricts blood in viscera, increases BP

50
Q

Salivary and lacrimal glands: PS vs S

A

-PS: stimulates, increases production of saliva and tears
-S: inhibits, results in dry mouth and dry eyes

51
Q

Eyes (iris): PS vs S

A

-PS: stimulates constrictor muscles, constricts pupils
-S: stimulate dilator muscle, dilates pupils

52
Q

Eyes (ciliary muscles): PS vs S

A

-PS: stimulates to increase bulging of lens for close vision
-S: inhibits, decreases bulging of lens, prepares for distant vision

53
Q

Adrenal medulla: PS vs S

A

-PS: no effect
-S: stimulate medulla cells to secret E and NE

54
Q

Sweat gland of skin: PS vs S

A

-PS: no effect
-S: stimulate to produce perspiration

55
Q

Ganglia of the autonomic system in the thorax:

A

-cervicothoracic ganglion
-sympathetic trunk ganglion
-middle cervical ganglion

56
Q

Nerves of the autonomic system in the thorax:

A

-vagosympathetic trunk
-ansa subclavia
-sympathetic trunk
-vagus

57
Q

Major arteries of the thorax:

A

-aorta
-brachiocephalic trunk
-L. subclavian trunk
-carotid
-L. internal thoracic
-vertebral

58
Q

Aorta:

A

-coronary artery
-brachiocephalic trunk (and L. subclavian in carnivores and pigs)
-intercostals
-esophageal
-bronchial

59
Q

Brachiocephalic trunk:

A

-lies ventral to esophagus and trachea
-detaches right and left common carotid a.
-continues as r. subclavian which runs cranially around 1st rib to continue as axillary

60
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

-from the R. ventricles to the lungs
>carry deoxygenated blood

61
Q

Pulmonary trunk location:

A

-arises from pulmonary orifice of the R. ventricle on the craniosinistral aspect of the heart
-passes between the 2 auricles and then bends caudally over the base of theart
>joined by ligamentum arteriosum on right face

62
Q

R and L pulmonary arteries:

A

-after the pulmonary trunk penetrates the pericardium
-directed to the hilus of the corresponding lung in company with the principal bronchus and pulmonary veins

63
Q

Ligamentum arteriosum:

A

-fibrosed remnant of the ductus arteriosum

64
Q

Large veins of canine thorax:

A

-caudal vena cava
-cranial vena cava
-azygous vein
-jugular

65
Q

Cranial vena cava:

A

-union (confluence) of external jugular and subclavian veins (brachiocephalic veins)
-drains the head, neck and forelimb
-runs through cranial mediastinum (ventral and right of the trachea)
-joined by braches of subclavian a. and large right azygous (except horses)

66
Q

Azygos vein:

A

-union of the first lumbar veins
-passes through aortic hiatus into the chest
>receives intercostal veins from caudal and middle intercostal spaces

67
Q

Azygos vein in horses and dogs:

A

-right one
*goes into cranial vena cava

68
Q

Azygos vein in pigs:

A

-left one
*empty into coronary sinus

69
Q

Azygos vein in ox:

A

-left and right

70
Q

Role of lymphatic structures of the thorax:

A

-collect lymph from the thoracic walls and adjacent structures
>channels it to the thoracic duct or some into thoracic inlet

71
Q

Clinical importance of thoracic lymph nodes:

A

-initial diagnosis of staging of lung and esophageal cancers and lymphoma

72
Q

Thoracic lymphocentres:

A
  1. Dorsal thoracic centre
  2. Ventral thoracic centre
  3. Mediastinal centre
  4. Bronchial centre
73
Q

Dorsal thoracic centre:

A

-into thoracic duct or mediastinal lymph node
1. Intercoastal set
2. Thoracic aortic set

74
Q

Ventral thoracic centre:

A

-into mediastinal node
1. Cranial sternal
2. Caudal sternal (only in ruminants)

75
Q

Mediastinal centre:

A

-secondary station for drainage after passing through other nodes
1. Cranial mediastinal
2. Middle mediastinal (at base of heart)
3. Caudal mediastinal (not in carnivores): along esophagus approaching diagram

76
Q

Bronchial centre:

A

-drains into mediastinal lymph node
1. Tracheobronchial nodes: tracheal bifurcation
2. Pulmonary nodes: embedded in lung

77
Q

Thoracic duct:

A

-largest lymph vessel
-arises from cisterna chyli

78
Q

Thoracic duct: course

A

-passes through aortic hiatus into mediastinum
-cranially and ventrally, over the left face of the trachea
-termination within one of the veins (most often the left jugular vein) that form the cranial vena cava or the vena cava its self

79
Q

Cisterna chyli:

A

-receives lymph from abdomen, pelvis and hindlimbs
-irregular, plexiform shape
-mainly between the aorta and the vertebrae at the thoracolumbar junction
>may extend ventrally around the vena cava

80
Q

Thymus:

A

-next biggest thing next to the heart
-cranial
-prominent in newborns
-begins to regress about time of puberty
-grows bilaterally along trachea into mediastinum
-source of T-cells (cortex)
*maintenance of immunologic competence

81
Q

Thymus position: guinea pig

A

-neck

82
Q

Thymus position: calf

A

-head
-neck
-thorax

83
Q

Thymus position: piglet

A

-head
-neck
-thorax

84
Q

Thymus position: foal

A

-thorax
-little portion in neck

85
Q

Thymus position: puppy

A

-thorax

Anatomy Section 3 (13 decks)

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