Ch 25 Coagulation Flashcards

0
Q

What is the expected pharmalogical action of anticoagulants

A

Prevent clotting by activating anti thrombin and factor xa. This inhibits fibrin formation

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1
Q

What are anticoagulants (PARENTERAL)

A

Heparin

LoW molecular weight heparins (LMWH)
Prototype: enoxaparin (Lovenox)
Other meds; dalteparin (Fragmin),
Tinzaparin ( Inmohep)

Activated factor x ( xa) inhibitor
Prototype: fondaparinux ( Arixtra)

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2
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of heparin

A

Stroke
Pulmonary embolism
Massive DVT
treatment for dissiminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

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3
Q

What is the use of LMWH

A

Prevent DVT in post op patients
Treat DVT and PE
PRevemt complications in certain types of myocardial infarctions

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4
Q

What are activated X ( Xa) inhibitors used for

Fondaparinux

A

Prevents DVT & PE in post op clients

Treats DVT & PE in conjunction with warfarin

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5
Q

What is true of heparin and LMWH

A

These meds cannot be absorbed by the intestinal tract

They use be given SC or IV

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6
Q

What are possible complications of heparin

A
HEMMORRHAGE, secondary to heparin overdose
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia AEB low platelet counts and increased development of thrombi
Hypersensitivity reactions ( chills, fever, urticaria)
Toxicity, overdose
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7
Q

For heparin toxicity what drug should be administered

A

Administer protamine. Administer is slowly Intravenously no faster than 20mg/min or 50mg/ 10 min.
Do not exceed 100 mg in a. 2 hr period

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8
Q

What platelet counts indicated that heparin needs to be discontinued

A

Less than 100,000

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9
Q

Adverse effects of enoxaparin

A

HEMMORRHAGE
Neurological damage from hematoma formed during spinal or epidural anesthesia.
Thrombocytopenia AEB platelet count less than 100,000
Toxicity/ overdose

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10
Q

What are adverse effects of fondaparinux

A

HEMMORRHAGE
Neurological damage from hematoma formed during spinal or epidural anesthesia
Thrombocytopenia

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11
Q

What are contraindications and precautions of parenteral anticoagulants

A

Contraindicated in ppl with low platelet counts
These meds should not be used during or following surgeries of the eye, brain, spinal cord; lumbar puncture, or regional anesthesia.
Uses cautiously in ppl who have hemophilia, increased capillary permeability, dissecting aneurysm, peptic ulcer disease, severe hypertension, heparin and renal disease or threatened abortion

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12
Q

What are nursing considerations for heparin

A

Obtain baseline vitals
Obtain & monitor CBC, HCT, and platelet count
Monitor rate of infusion Q 30-60 min
Monitor aPTT Q 4-6 hr until appropriate dose Is determined
For sc injections, use a 20-22 guage to withdraw med from vial, then switch to a smaller 25-26 guage.
Do not aspirate
Instruct client to avoid OTC NSAIDS, aspirin or meds containing salicylates

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13
Q

What is true of enoxaparin/ fondaparinux

A

Monitoring is not required

Acceptable for home use

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14
Q

How can one determine the effectiveness of heparin

A

aPTT levels of 60-80 seconds

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15
Q

Name a oral anticoagulant

A

Warfarin ( Coumadin)

16
Q

What does warfarin do

A

It antagonizes vitamin K, thereby preventing the synthesis of 4 coagulation factors: factor VII,IS,X and prothrombin.

It treats venous thrombosis
It treats thrombus formation in ppl who have atrial fibrillation or prosthetic heart valves
It prevents recurrent MI, TIA, PE & DVT

17
Q

What are complications of warfarin

A

HEMMORRHAGE
Hepatitis
Toxicity overdose

18
Q

For toxicity or overdose of warfarin what should be administered

A

Vitamin k to promote synthesis of coagulation factors VII, IX, X and prothrombin
If vitamin k can’t control the bleeding administer fresh frozen plasma or whole blood

19
Q

What are contraindications and precautions of warfarin

A

Pregnancy category X, due to the high risk of fetal HEMMORRHAGE, fetal death and CNS defects
Contraindicated in ppl with low platelet counts or uncontrolled bleeding
Contraindicated in surgeries of the eyes, brain or spinal cord; lumbar puncture or regional anesthesia.
Contraindicated in ppl with vitamin k deficiencies, liver disorders, and alcohol use disorders due to the additive risk of bleeding
Contraindicated in ppl with hemophilia, dissecting aneurysm, peptic ulcer disease, severe hypertension, or threatened abortion

20
Q

What are medication interactions of warfarin

A

Concurrent use of heparin, aspirin, acetaminophen, glucocorticoids, sulfonamides, and parenteral cephalosporins increases the effects of warfari, which increases the risk for bleeding.

21
Q

What are medication Interactions of warfarin

A

Concurrent use of Phenobarbitol, carbamazepine ( Tegetrol) phenytoin ( Dilantin), oral contraceptives and vitamin k decreases anti coagulation effects
If used concurrently monitor carefully for reduced PT and INR levels

22
Q

What are food interactions of warfarin

A

Foods high in vitamin K, such a dark green leafy vegetables ( lettuce, cooked spinach) cabbage, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, mayonnaise, canola!and soybean oil,decrease anticoagulant effects with excessive intake.

23
Q

What are therapeutic levels of PT

A

18-24 seconds

24
Q

What are nursing considerations for the administration of warfarin

A

administration is usually orally, once daily at the same time each day
Obtain baseline vital signs
Monitor PT levels and INR levels ( INR levels are the most accurate)
Obtain baseline and monitor CBC, platelet count, and HCT levels

25
Q

What are therapeutic levels of INR

A

2-3

26
Q

How can one tell that warfarin is effective

A

PTT is 1.5-2 times the control
INR of 2-3 for treatment of acute MI, atrial fibrillation, PE venous thrombosis and or tissue heart valves
INR of 3-4.5 for mechanical heart valve or recurrent systemic embolism
No development of venous thrombi.