Ch39 Diabetes Flashcards

0
Q

When drawing short and long acting insulin what should u do

A

Draw the short acting first then the long acting, this prevents the possibility of injecting some of the ,one acting into the short acting.

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1
Q

What are contraindications of insulin

A

Sulfonylureas, meglitinides, beta blockers, and alcohol have a additive hypoglycemic effect with concurrent use. Monitor for levels less than 50.
Thiazide diuretics and glucocorticoids may raise blood glucose levels counteracting the insulin
Beta blockers may mask SNS response to hypoglycemia such as tachycardia and tremors making it difficult to distinguish between hypoglycemia.

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2
Q

What 2 insulins are both clear in color and not administered via IV Aand should not be mixed in a syringe with any other insulin.

A

Insulin glaring and insulin detemir

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3
Q

What route should NPH insulin be administered

A

SC

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4
Q

How should lispro, aspart, glulisine and regular insulin be administered

A

SC
CONTINOUS SC
IV

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5
Q

What should you educate clients about regarding SC insulin

A

Administer in one general area to have consistent rates of absorption
Absorption rates for SC tissue increase from thigh to upper arm to abdomen.

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6
Q

Name rapid acting insulins

A

Lispro ( humalog)
Insulin aspart ( novolog)
Insulin glulisine ( apidra)
Rapid acting insulin has a onset of 15-30 min peaks in 30min -2.5 hr

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7
Q

Name short acting insulins

A
Regular insulin ( humulin -R)(novolin R)
It has a onset of 30-1hr. And peaks in 1-5 hr
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8
Q

Name intermediate acting insulins

A

Insulin detemir (levemir)

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9
Q

What is the pharmalogical action of insulin

A
  1. Promotes cellular uptake of glucose ( decreases glucose)
  2. Converts glucose into glycogen
  3. Moves potassium into cells along with glucose.
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10
Q

What are adverse effects of insulin use

A

Risk for hypoglycemia

Lipohypertrophy/ inject injection sites and allow 1 inch between injection sites.

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11
Q

What are medication interactions of insulin

A
  1. Sulfonylureas, meglitinides,beta blockers, and alcohol can have a additive hypoglycemic effect
  2. Concurrent use of thiazide diuretics and glucocorticoids may raise blood glucose levels and thereby counteract the effects of insulin
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12
Q

How should short acting insulins always appear

A

Clear

DO NOT ADMINISTER CLOUDY OR DISCOLORED

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13
Q

Oral anti diabetics

A
  1. Sulfonylureas-chlorpropamide ( Diabinese)glipizide (glucotrol)tolzamide,
    glyburide ( DiaBeta), glimepiride ( amaryl)
  2. Meglitinides-repaglinide ( Prandin), nateglinide ( Starlix)
    Both classes of drugs release insulin from the pancreas.
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14
Q

What does the oral anti diabetic drug metformin do

A
It reduced the production of glucose within the liver thru supression of glucogenesis, it also increases muscles' glucose uptake and use
Metformin is in the drug class BIGUANIDES
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15
Q

What are thiazolidinediones ( glitazones) do

A

They are an oral anti diabetic drug that increases cellular response to insulin by decreasing insulin resistance
It increases glucose uptake and decreased glucose production

16
Q

What is the prototype thiazolidinediones

A

Pioglitazone ( actos)

17
Q

What do alpha glucosidase inhibitors do

A

Slows carbohydrate absorption and digestion

18
Q

What is the prototype alpha glucosidase inhibitor

A

Acarbose (precose)

Miglitol ( glyset)

19
Q

What are glipitines

A

They are augments naturally occurring in retain hormones which promote release of insulin and decreases secretion of glucagon
It lowers fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels

20
Q

What is the prototype glipitines

A

Sitagliptin ( Januvia)

21
Q

What are the drug classes of oral anti diabetic drugs

A
Sulfonylureas
Meglitinides 
Biguanides 
Thiazolidinediones 
Alpha glucosidase 
Gliptins
22
Q

What is metformin also used for

A

It,is used to treat poly cystic ovary syndrome ( Pcos)

23
Q

What are adverse effects of glipizide and repaglinide

A

Hypoglycemia

24
Q

What are adverse effects of metformin

A
  1. GI effects such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting; resulting in wt loss.
  2. Vit b12 and folic acid deficiency caused by altered absorption.
  3. “lactic acidosis ( hyperventilation, myalgia, sluggishness, somnolence, 40% mortality rate
25
Q

What are adverse effects of pioglitazone ( thiazolidinediones)

A

Fluid retention
Elevations in LDLS
Hepatoxicity

26
Q

What are adverse effects of acarbose ( alpha glucosidase inhibitors)

A
Intestinal effects  ( abdominal distention and cramping, hyperactive bowel sounds, diarrhea, excessive gas)
Anemia due to decrease of iron absorption
Hepatoxicity with long term use