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Micro Exam #2 > Bacterial Metabolism and Genetics > Flashcards

Bacterial Metabolism and Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrients required by bacteria

A

CHONPS and trace metal salts

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2
Q

What versions of C and N are most important?

A

Reduced Form

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3
Q

Describe the shape of a bacterial growth curve based on temperature.

A

The curve leans with the highest point/optimum at higher temperatures

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4
Q

What is the significance of the bacterial growth curve?

A

Increase in temperature by as little as 2 degrees causes a large drop in population – FEVER

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5
Q

Three types of bacteria based on pH? Who is most common in the stomach? The body?

A

Acidophile, Neutralophile, Alkalophile
Acidophile
Neutralophile

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6
Q

Circumstances in which an aerobe will grow?

A

O2

Needs an electron acceptor – O,N,S

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7
Q

Circumstances in which an anaerobe will grow?

A

Grows in No O2

O2 forms radicals

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8
Q

Circumstances in which facultative anaerobes grow?

A

Grows in O2, less well without O2

Have TCA and can ferm.

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9
Q

Circumstances in which aerotolerant will grow?

A

Will grow with or without O2

Doesn’t use O2 anyway

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10
Q

Circumstances in which microaerophile will grow?

A

Grows in O2 below 0.2 ATM

Needs O2, but too much makes radicals

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11
Q

Oxygen sensitivity of more tissue?

A

Anerobic

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12
Q

Oxygen sensitivity of lungs?

A

Aerobic

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13
Q

Oxygen sensitivity of tonsils/back of throat?

A

Microaerophile

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14
Q

Four phases of bacterial growth cycle?

A

Lag, Exponential, Stationary, Decline

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15
Q

What stage are bacteria typically in the lab? In the body?

A

Exponential Phase.

Stationary Phase.

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16
Q

What occurs during the lag phase?

A

Adaption to new nutrients

New enzyme synthesis/up-regulation

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17
Q

What occurs in the exponential phase?

A

Growth and binary division

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18
Q

What occurs in the stationary phase?

A

Crowding, Starvation or Toxic Conditions

Stress Genes Upregulated

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19
Q

What occurs in the decline phase?

A

Cells begin to lyse.

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20
Q

What occurs in bacterial latency?

A

No division, allows for hiding from immune response

“Persister cell”

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21
Q

How do persister cells come about?

A

Turn off metabolism
Turn on dormancy pathways
No growing/dividing

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22
Q

Role of persister cells in treatment?

A

Treating against persister cells leads to more rapid cure

23
Q

Describe the bacterial chromosome.

A

Circular
Stable w/out telomeres
Haploid (typically)
Associated with proteins (structural and regulatory)

24
Q

What are merodiploids?

A

Genes in multicopy in the bacterial chromosome

25
Q

Describe a plasmid?

A

Circular, smaller than chromosome

Can exist in hundreds of copies per cell

26
Q

What controls plasmid replication?

A

Cop proteins

27
Q

In a broad sense, how does bacterial transcriptional regulation occur?

A

Negative Regulation – Protein Repressors

Positive Regulation – Protein Activators

28
Q

Where do repressors bind?

A

Between promoter and gene

29
Q

Where do activators bind?

A

Upstream of promoters

30
Q

How do environmental signals modify gene regulation?

A

Small molecules alter the shape/bind to regulatory proteins

31
Q

Two types of environmental signals?

A

Induction and Repression

32
Q

What are two ways in which repression may work?

A

Trigger Active Repressors

Inactivate Inducer

33
Q

How does the lactose influence the lac operon?

A

Lactose present inhibits the lac repressor protein

34
Q

How does high glucose influence the lac operon?

A

High glucose will lead to low cAMP
With low cAMP, minimal binding of Lac Inducer
Transcription at low rate

35
Q

How does low glucose influence the lac operon?

A

Low glucose leads to higher cAMP levels

cAMP+CAP activator binds, induces great amount of lactase transcription

36
Q

What happens in bacterial transformation?

A

Uptake of unpackaged DNA

37
Q

What triggers bacterial transformation?

A

Competence pharomones/Quoromones are secreted as nutrients run out
Quorum Sensing

38
Q

How might DNA transformation be induced?

A

High temperature opens membrane pores

CaCl2 shields DNA- charges and lets new DNA in

39
Q

How might one make bacteria transformation occur in a laboratory setting?

A

Gene gun, electroporation

40
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Natural Plasmid Transfer

41
Q

How does conjugation occur?

A

Cells with F+ plasmid generate sex pili that binds to receptors on F- pili

42
Q

What are Hfr cells?

A

Cells that in conjugation can transfer chromosomal genes

43
Q

How are chromosomal genes transferred with plasmids?

A

Following integration of F plasmid, adjacent chromosomes be come with the F plasmid with abnormal excision
P’ Plasmid

44
Q

Significance to chromosomal gene transfer in plasmids?

A

Can generate R-plasmids

Resistance genes pulled along with the plasmid

45
Q

What is transduction?

A

gene transfer mediated by imprecise excision or packaging of phage

46
Q

Difference between generalized and specialized transduction?

A

Generalized – lytic phage – could be any gene

Specialized – lysogenic phage – only genes near integration site

47
Q

What happens in bacterial gene replacement?

A

transferring genes integrate into host chromosome replacing native genes

48
Q

Homologous recombination is catalyzed by ____. What unique thing may happen to the DNA?

A

RecA

Inversions

49
Q

Where do inversions happen? Where do deletions occur?

A

Inversions – Between Inverted Repeats

Deletions – Between Direct Repeats

50
Q

How does recombination at dissimilar sequences occur?

A

transposons acting via transposases

51
Q

Difference between composite and non-composite transposons?

A

Non – inverted repeats at end and transposase

Comp – Complete IS elements at ends, genes in middle

52
Q

Two pieces of medical significance of plasmids

A

Antiobiotic resistance transfer

Interruption of genes resulting in mutation

53
Q

What are outer membrane vesicles?

A

Small vesicles that bud from outer membrane containing genetic elements and signalling molecules

54
Q

Why do we care about outer membrane vesicles?

A

Blebbing and budding with genes/proteins/virulence factors provides extra routes of transmission

Micro Exam #2 (15 decks)

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