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Micro Exam #2 > Gastrointestinal Organisms > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Organisms Flashcards

1
Q

Physical characteristics of enterobacteriaceae?

A

Facultatively anaerobic

G- Rods

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2
Q

Enterobacteriaceae use what type of secretion system?

A

3

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3
Q

What antigens are used to type Enterobacteriaceae.

A

O, H, K/Vi

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4
Q

Biochemical tests for Enterobacteriaceae?

A

IMViC
Carbohydrate fermentation
Packaged Test Kits

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5
Q

What does IMViC stand for?

A

Indole methyl red Voges-Poskauer citrate

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6
Q

How are carbohydrate fermentations occur?

A

Use MacConkey’s Agar (Lactose)

Lac+ are coliforms

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7
Q

Name for packaged test kits for Enterobacteriaceae?

A

Enterotube

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8
Q

Three most common causes of foodbourne outbreaks?

A

Salmonella
Campylobacter
Shigella

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9
Q

Relationship of Enterobacteriaceae to endocrine system

A

Gut bacteria can respond to stress-induced neuroendocrine hormone levels

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10
Q

How do bacteria avoid immune response?

A

Subvert response to avoid detection

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11
Q

How can E. Coli be detected on agar?

A

Copious acid production detected by green metallic sheen on EMB agar

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12
Q

Three general clinical syndromes that come from E. Coli

A

Enteric/Diarrheal Disease
Urinary Tract Infections
Sepsis/Meningitis

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13
Q

Most common extraintestinal E. Coli infections?

A

UTI via UPEC

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14
Q

Two ways that E. coli may lead to UTI

A

Acquire from proximity of anus to urethral meatus

From increased sexual activity (honeymoon cystitis)

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15
Q

UPEC is associated with the __ Pilus

A

P

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16
Q

What does EPEC stand for?

What does it do?

A

Enteropathogenic
Intimin attached protein, bundle formed pili
Efface small intestine microvilli and inhibit water uptake

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17
Q

Medical effects of EPEC?

Who gets it?

A

Watery, self-limiting diarrhea

Esp. Young Children

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18
Q

What does ETEC stand for? Nickname?

Medical side effects?

A

Enterotoxigenic. “Traveler’s Diarrhea”

Watery diarrhea, increased gut motility, ab cramps

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19
Q

ETEC is associated with what pili?

A

CFA adhesion pili for brush-border membrane

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20
Q

What toxins are produced by ETEC?

A

2 LT Toxins (LT1 like cholera, higher cAMP)

2 ST toxins (activates cGMP)

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21
Q

What does EHEC stand for?

Medical side effects?

A

Enterohemorrhagic
Bloody diarrhea without fever
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome

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22
Q

How does EHEC mediate medical effects?

A

Verotoxin (Shiga-like) – AB toxin protein synthesis inbititor

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23
Q

What is Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome?

Treatment?

A

Uremia and organ failure due to glomerular damage

NO anti-biotics – they induce stx gene

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24
Q

What is EIEC?

Medical effects?

A

Enteroinvasive

Bloody fever with fever

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25
Q

EIEC is Indistinguishable from…

A

Shigella dysenteriae type I

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26
Q

Factors produced by EIEC?

A

Invasive colonization factors

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27
Q

What is EAEC?

Medical Effects?

A

Enteroaggregative

Noninflamatory pediatric diarrhea caused by biofilm development

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28
Q

E. coli K1 is a major cause of…

A

neonatal meningitis

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29
Q

Why is E. coli K1 not a good antibody target?

A

Molecular mimic of host NCAM receptors

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30
Q

Who is E. coli K1 especially dangerous to?

A

low birthweight infants

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31
Q

Salmonella grows on what medium?

A

Selective media with bile salts (deoxycholate)

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32
Q

How is salmonella classified?

A

By serotype (O, H, Vi(K))

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33
Q

All salmonella belong to what species?

A

S. enterica

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34
Q

It is important to distinguish what two categories of salmonella enterica?

A

S. typhi and paratyphi vs. all others

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35
Q

Three types of disease caused by salmonella enterica?

A

Typhoid Fever
Bacteremia/Septicemia
Enterocolitis/Gastroenteritis

36
Q

Typhoid Fever is cause by what forms of salmonella?

A

S. Typhi or Paratyphi

37
Q

Medical effects of Typhoid Fever?

A

Invasive disease - reaches bloodstream through mucosa
Disseminates via macrophage to spleen, liver, GB
Death from intestinal hemorrhage

38
Q

Who gets bacteremia/septicemia from Salmonella?

A

Immunocompromised Patients

39
Q

Medical effects of salmonella enterocolitis/gastroenteritis?

A

Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Fever Common

May colonize GB and shed for weeks

40
Q

In what food products is Salmonella enterocolitis/gastroenteritis spread?

A

Eggs and Poultry Products

41
Q

Four ways in which salmonella enterocolitis/gastroenteritis is spread?

A

Fecally contaminated water
Endemic in Eggs/Poultry
Crops fertilized by excreta
From Pets

42
Q

Describe pathogenesis of salmonella.

A

Binds brush border to invade gut epithelil cells
Invade deep tissues/bloodstream
Produce cytotoxic enterotoxin

43
Q

Type of toxin? Effect of components?

A

A2B5
A1 – ADP-ribosylates G-protein
A2 – damages DNA and halts cell replication

44
Q

Shigella can also grow in _____ by ______

A

Bile
Efflux pumps and DNA repair
Uses Phospholipids as a C-source

45
Q

Shigella grows on ____ agar

A

S-S

46
Q

Clinical presentation of shigella?

A

Onset with Acute Watery Diarrhea
2 days later - blood and mucus into stool
Subsides in about a week, but lethal dehydration

47
Q

How is Shigella spread?

A

Infection via fecal-oral route

48
Q

Shigella is most common in what population?

A

Children

49
Q

How is Shigella spread?

A

4 Fs

Food, Fingers, Feces, Flies

50
Q

Explain the pathogenesis of shigella.

A
  • Phagocytosed and transmitted through M cells
  • Engulfed by macrophages in lamina propria
  • Lyse phagolysosome and replicate in cyto
  • Macro apop. – release IL1 and cytos that make junctions permeable
  • Induces basal membrane phagocytosis
51
Q

How does shigella spread?

A

Actin tails

52
Q

How does shigella secrete invasion factors?

A

Type III secretions

53
Q

How does Shiga enterotoxin kill?

A

Disruption of protein synthesis

54
Q

Unique staining seen in yersinia?

A

Bipolar staining (Wright-Giemsa, Wayson’s)

55
Q

How does Yersnia bind?

A

YadA

56
Q

Yersnia uses what secretion system?

What antigens allow intracellular growth?

A

Type III

V and W antigens

57
Q

Yersnia pestis is most commonly known as…

A

plague

58
Q

Three types of yersnia pestis?

A

Bubonic
Septicemic
Pneumonic

59
Q

Symptoms of Bubonic yersnia pestis?

A

1-8 day incubation
Malaise, headache, vomiting
Painful Buboes in groin and other lymph nodes

60
Q

What are buboes full of?

What diseases with buboes must yersnia be distinguished from?

A

Bacteria and Pus

Tularemia, Pasturella

61
Q

Describe septicemic yersnia pestis

A

Primary or secondary to bubonic

Sepsis, Purpura, DIC, Necrosis

62
Q

Describe pneumonic yersnia pestis?

A

Primary or Secondary
Primary form inhalation, secondary from intravascular dissemination
Hemoptysis, bilateral alveolar involvement

63
Q

Outlook for pneumonic yersnia pestis

A

Virtually 100% fatal within 24 hours

64
Q

How is yersnia pestis spread?

A

Zoonosis
Typically spread by vector (rat flea)
Reservoirs are Deermice and ground squirrels

65
Q

How does yersnia pestis effect fleas?

A

Toxin blocks flea’s gut, forms blood clot

When flea bites again, clot is regurgitated into host

66
Q

Aside from natural transmission, yersnia pestis can be seen as…

A

A Warfare Agent

67
Q

Pathogenesis of yersnia pestis?

A
  • Type III Secretory System injects toxins
  • Inhibits MAP kinase signalling pathway (YopJ)
    - No cytokine production, no cell replication
  • Inhibits Phagocytosis (YopE)
  • Inhibits Platelet Aggregation (YopM)
68
Q

How is yersnia pestis controlled?

A

Insectiside to kill fleas

Vaccine that must be boosted every 6-12 months

69
Q

How do you treat a yersnia patient treated?

A

Oral tetracycline for exposed and asymptomatic
I.M. Streptomycin once symptoms

Pneumonic plague treatment is rarely successful

70
Q

Symptoms with Y. enterocolitica

A
    • Enterocolitis with intestinal abscess – bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever
    • Mesenteric adenitis
71
Q

Reservoirs for Y. enterocolitica?

A

Cattles, Hogs

72
Q

How is Y. enterocolitica spread?

A

Feces, Contaminated drinking water/milk

73
Q

How are Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis treated?

A

Ampicillin

Ceph III, SxT

74
Q

Describe klebsiella pneumonia medical effects.

A

Small Percent of Pneumonias

Extensively hemorrhagic and necrotizing (currant jelly sputum)

75
Q

Treatment success of klebsiella pneumonia?

A

50-100% fatal

76
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of klebsiella granulomatis

A

Granuloma inguinale

Mimics syphilis

77
Q

Describe sores in klebsiella granulomatis.

A

Painless anal or genital sores

Gradually progressive lesions destroy large areas of tissue

78
Q

How is proteus mirabilis seen on agar?

A

Swarming motility

79
Q

Proteus mirabilis is associated with what condition?

A

UTI

80
Q

Proteus miribilis causes what condition? How?

A

Bladder Stones

Urease production

81
Q

How is Serratia marcescens usually acquired?

Common symptoms?

A

Opportunistic Infection

Pneumonia, Bacteremia, Endocarditis

82
Q

How are enterobacteria usually treated, generally?

A

Isolate and clean sources

Ampicillin, Cephalosporins, Quinolines, Sulfa

83
Q

For a uncomplicated UTI, Don’t use_______.
1st choice –
2nd choice –

A

Don’t – Flouroquinolone
1st – Bactrim (SxT)
2nd – Fosfomycin

84
Q

Why don’t you want to use f’quinolones for UTI?

A

It mimics a quorom sensing signal, can lead to film formation

85
Q

Typically you would treat Traveller’s Diarrhea with ____

You would treat campylobacter with _____

A

Rifaximin

Azithromycin

86
Q

There has recently been increased appreciation for the importance of restoring normal _______ in GI disorders

A

Mucus Production

87
Q

Action of MUC2

A

Subdues dendritic cell inflammatory response via Treg activation

Micro Exam #2 (15 decks)

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