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micro exam #2 > Normal Flora or Pathogen?/Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Normal Flora or Pathogen?/Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

What three interactions can define the relationships of humans and their bacteria?

A

Commensalism, Mutualism, Parasitism

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2
Q

What is commensalism?

A

One benefits, other gets neither benefit nor harm

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3
Q

How might we benefit from commensal bacteria?

A

They compete with harmful bacteria

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4
Q

Important examples of mutualism in gut bacteria

A

Regulation of pro-antiinflammatory T-cell switch
Loss of certain bac associated with Crohn’s
Interactions with hormones

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5
Q

Alteration in microbiota of URT associated with…

A

Asthma

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6
Q

Significance of resident flora?

A

Very unique for each individual body part

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7
Q

Name for organisms that are not normally pathogenic, but can cause disease under special circumstances?

A

Opporutnistic/Pathobiont

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8
Q

Three special circumstances that pathobionts may play into?

A

Immunocompromised individuals
Accidental entry
Inflammation

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9
Q

Why is skin hard to colonize?

A

low pH
high NaCl
Lysozyme

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10
Q

Three primary bacterial organisms associated with the skin.

A

Staph Epidermis
Aerobic Corynebacterium
Propionibacterium acnes (in oily spots)

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11
Q

What part of the skin colonizes G-

A

Oily parts

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12
Q

What part of the epidermis has a substantially different microbial community from the others? Why?

A

Labia minora

Acidic conditions let lactobacilis take over

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13
Q

Three primary bacterium of the nasopharynx?

A 
Proprionibacterium
Staph epidermis (and sometimes aureus)
Diptheroids (chinese characters)
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14
Q

Four opportunistic bacteria associated with nasopharynx?

A

Viridans streptococci
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Nisseria meningitidis
Hemophilus influenzae

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15
Q

Bacteria at the base of dental plaques

A

streptococcus

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16
Q

Four most important resident bacteria of the mouth and oropharynx?

A

alpha-hemolytic Strep (including mutans)
Staph epidermis (and aureus)
Pasteurellaceae
Actinomyces israelii

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17
Q

Most important bacteria of the stomach?

A

helicobacter pylori

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18
Q

Most important bacteria of the duodenum?

A

Lactobacillis

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19
Q

Most important bacteria of jejuno-ileum?

A

Enterobacteriaceae

G- Anerobes (Bacteroides)

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20
Q

Most important bacteria of the colon?

A

Bacteroides

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21
Q

Three gut enterotypes important for establishment of digestive health?

A

Bacteroides
Prevotella
Ruminococcus

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22
Q

What bacteria is more prevalent in high fat diets? high fiber diets?

A

fat – Bacteroides

Fiber – Prevotella

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23
Q

Relationship of bacteria to gut flora

A

They don’t directly contact eachother, or inflammation will occur.

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24
Q

Most common bacteria of the vagina

A

Lactobacillis
Bacteriodes
Prevotella

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25
Q

Changes in vaginal pH over the life cycle?

A

Acidic at birth

neutral till puberty, then acidic again

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26
Q

Most common bacteria of conjunctiva?

A

Staph/Strep
Hemophilus
diptheroids

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27
Q

List Six Sterile Areas

A 
Lungs beyond trachea
Internal organs (minus digestive tract)
Fluids (Blood, Lymph, Semen)
CNS
Ear beyond Eardrum
Fetus
28
Q

Difference between viral and bacterial latency

A

In bacterial latency, organism is still present, but in lower numbers

29
Q

Three types of adhesion factors involved in virulence factors.

A

Pili/Fimbriae
Adhesins
Capsules

30
Q

Intracellular invasion/colonization factors

A

Streptokinase - dissolves blood clots
Hyaluronidase - Hydrolyzes connective tissues
Neurominidase - Degrades sialic acid glue
Collagenase - Destroys tissue

31
Q

Two types of intraceullular invasion/colonization factors

A

Uptake by non-professional phagocytes

Uptake by professional phagocytes

32
Q

How do non-professional phagocytes work?

A

Secreted effectors (T3-6) - cause membrane ruffles
Internalin polymerizes actin to allow comet tails
Ipas and Opas – promote engulfment

33
Q

Five prevalent ways bacteria deal with phagocytes

A 
Avoid Them
Kill Them
Prevent Lysosomal fusion with phagosome
Break out of phagolysozome
Resistance to lysozomal enzymes
34
Q

What are endotoxin and exotoxin made of?

A

Endotoxin – Lipid A of LPS

Exotoxin – Protein, often A-B type

35
Q

How do superantigens work?

A

Link T cells to macrophages that may not be displaying antigen. Leads to runaway inflammatory response.

36
Q

What are PAI?

A

Collections of genes for virulence factors in one chromosomal location

37
Q

How do we identify different bacteria locations?

A

Identify disease agents/reservoirs
Prevalence/Incidence Graphs - Surveillance
Culture/Diagnostic Sequencing

38
Q

Difference between a prevalence and incidence graph?

A

Prevalence – TOTAL active cases in a population

Incidence – NEW cases in a given time period

39
Q

Difference between epidemic and endemic?

A

Epidemic – sudden spike in incidence

Endemic – Continued high prevalence or repeated recrudescence

40
Q

Why should you take caution diagnosing with diagnostic sequencing?

A

Watch for antibiotics

Could be normal flora for patient or hospital.

41
Q

What does bacteriostatic mean?

A

Inhibits the growth of bacteria

42
Q

What does a MIC test evaluate?

A

The minimum effective dose of an antibiotic in broth

43
Q

What happens in a kirby bauer test?

A

Paper disc is soaked in antibiotics and placed on a plate of bacteria

44
Q

Better version of a Kirby Bauer test?

A

E test in which you can read MIC from a strip

45
Q

Which heat is more effective, wet or dry?

A

Wet

46
Q

Other than heat, what are some other significant methods utilized in sterilization?

A

Radiation – UV damages any present DNA
Gas – Ethylene oxide causes alkylation of nucleic acids
Filtration – Size exclusion through 0.2 uM pore

47
Q

Most common sterilization method?

A

Autoclave + Ethylene Oxide

48
Q

Why must one worry about filtration?

A

Flexible forms/L-forms of bacteria and small, slow growing cells may get through

Doesn’t filter out viruses

49
Q

What do high-level chemical disinfectants do?

A

Kills everything, even spores

50
Q

What do Intermediate chemical disinfectants do?

A

Allow spores and some naked viruses to survive

51
Q

What do low-level disinfectants do?

A

Allow spores, mycobacterium, some pseudomonas, and naked viruses

52
Q

Two prevalent forms of disinfection?

A

Alcohol

Aldehyde

53
Q

How do alcohols work against?

A

Dissolve lipids, denature proteins, dry out cells

54
Q

How do aldehydes work against bacteria?

A

Crosslink or alkylate proteins

55
Q

What do phenolics do?

A

Denature proteins, dissolve membranes.

56
Q

Pros and cons of phenolics

A

Useful at high concentration

Irritants

57
Q

Common phenolics? Particularly useful against?

A

Lysol, hexachlorophene

Staph and Strep

58
Q

How do biguanides work? Where are they most commonly used? What specific type is used in that capacity?

A

Damage to Cell Membranes

Chlorhexidine is used in surgical swabs/dressings

59
Q

Two commonly used halogens?

A

Iodine and Chlorine

60
Q

How does iodine work?

A

Interferes with protein folding
Used as surgical scrub
Common – water soluble form – betadine

61
Q

How does chlorine work?

A

Oxidizing agent (NaClO)

62
Q

How do cationic detergents work?

A

Solubilize cell membranes

63
Q

Cationic detergents must not be mixed with…

A

Anionic detergents

64
Q

How do heavy metals work?

A

Derivatize -SH groups

Block Disulfide bonds

65
Q

Example of the use of heavy metals in antibiotic treatment?

A

AgNO3 as prophylactic in newborn eyes

Ag-impregnated catheter tubing

micro exam #2 (15 decks)

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