LQ 4: Second Era of Imperialism

Question 1

What did the Berlin Conferences of 1884 & 1885 do?

Answer 1

Many European nations met and set guidelines for dividing up Africa.

Question 2

What were the two main guidelines of the Berlin Conferences?

Answer 2

In order to claim land in Africa:

1. You must occupy it.
2. You must maintain it.

Question 3

In the 19th century, which country held the MOST territory in Africa (and what was their goal)?

Answer 3

France, and they wanted an empire that spread across Africa, west to east.

Question 4

In the 19th century, what country held the SECOND most territory in Africa (and what was their goal)?

Answer 4

Britain, and they wanted an empire that spread across Africa north to south, to build a railroad from Cairo to Capetown.

Question 5

When and where was Chinese Gordon killed?

Answer 5

In 1885, he was killed in Khartoum, Sudan.

Question 6

Who were the Dervishes?

Answer 6

An Islamic group that opposed foreign occupation of Sudan.

Question 7

Who led the Dervishes until 1885?

Answer 7

Mahdi

Question 8

Who led the Dervishes after the death of Mahdi?

Answer 8

Khalifa

Question 9

Who was Hebert Kitchener?

Answer 9

A British general who was made commander of all British troops in North Africa in 1896.

Question 10

For what purpose was Kitchener sent to Africa?

Answer 10

He was told to march up the Nile River, claiming territory for Britain along the way so that the railroad could be built.

Question 11

What was the Battle of Omdurman?

Answer 11

In 1898, Kitchener (British) fought Khalifa (Dervishes) and wiped them out. Machine guns mowed down waves of Dervishes.

Question 12

After the Battle of Omdurman, what did British scouts do?

Answer 12

They were sent to the south to check out the land. They encountered the French, after which they became allies.

Question 13

Who was the French Foreign Minister and what did he do?

Answer 13

Del Cassey. He convinced the French gov’t to give way to the British in Sudan.

Question 14

What was major about the British/French encounter at Fashoda?

Answer 14

It was the last major colonial dispute between France and Britain. From then on, they were allies.

Question 15

Who were the first Europeans to settle in Africa?

Answer 15

The Dutch settled South Africa (Cape Colony) in 1652.

Question 16

Who were the Afrikaners?

Answer 16

White people (primarily Dutch) who had been living in Africa for a long time.

Question 17

What does “Boer” mean?

Answer 17

Dirt farmer

Question 18

What African territory did the British take and why?

Answer 18

They took Cape Colony because during the Napoleonic Wars, it was easy to do so (as other nations were preoccupied).

Question 19

When was slave TRADE banned in the British Empire and who was a key figure in this?

Answer 19

In 1807. William Wuberforce was a key figure.

Question 20

When was slavery ENTIRELY banned in the British Empire?

Answer 20

1833, and this included Cape Colony.

Question 21

What was the Great Trek?

Answer 21

In 1833, hundreds of thousands of Afrikaners moved out of the British Empire to keep slaves.

Question 22

What were the two new states founded by the Afrikaners from the Great Trek?

Answer 22

Transvaal and Orange Free State

Question 23

After the establishment of the two states, what happened?

Answer 23

Significant amounts of gold and diamonds were discovered.

Question 24

Who was Paul Kruger?

Answer 24

The President of Transvaal, overall leader of new states.

Question 25

What did Paul Kruger want to do?

Answer 25

He could not allow too many outsiders to come into the new states and wanted to stop them.

Question 26

How did Paul Kruger try to slow the flow of outsiders? (3 things)

Answer 26

1. Denied civil rights
2. Heavy taxes on outsiders
3. Banned English language

Question 27

Who was Cecil Rhodes?

Answer 27

A wealthy man who was the Prime Minister of Cape Colony. He made his fortune in gold and diamonds, so he was interested in Transvaal and Orange Free State.

Question 28

What did Cecil Rhodes want the British gov’t to do to the new Afrikaner states?

Answer 28

He wanted the British Empire to conquer these states.

Question 29

What was the Jameson Raid?

Answer 29

In 1895, Leander Starr brought 500 armed men into Transvaal in the hopes of sparking a revolution. They failed. Cecil Rhodes orchestrated the raid.

Question 30

What was Villham II’s (Kaiser of Germany) response to the Jameson raid?

Answer 30

He sent letter to Kruger congratulating him for being able to put down Jameson Raid without outside resistance.

Question 31

Who was the Boer War fought by (and when)?

Answer 31

From 1899-1902, the British Empire fought Transvaal and the Orange Free State.

Question 32

How many soldiers did the Afrikaners have during the Boer War?

Answer 32

88,000 combat ready men who used guerrilla warfare.

Question 33

Why could the British not afford to lose the Boer War?

Answer 33

Losing a war was bad for the reputation of an empire.

Question 34

What did Kitchener do to the Afrikaners?

Answer 34

He put them in concentration camps so they could not support the guerrilla groups. Over 20K die in these camps.

Question 35

What was the Treaty of Vereeniging and what did it do? (4 things)

Answer 35

1. It ended the Boer War.
2. Transvaal and Orange Free State became British holdings.
3. Afrikaners swore oath of allegiance to British crown.
4. English became official language of the two states.

Question 36

What did the South Africa Act of 1910 do?

Answer 36

It unified Transvaal, Orange Free State, Cape Colony, and Natal into the Union of South Africa.

Question 37

What did the Union of South Africa Land Act of 1918 do?

Answer 37

It divided the country racially: best lands went to whites, nominal (home) lands went to blacks. Blacks could ONLY live in nominal lands.

Question 38

What is apartheid?

Answer 38

All of the laws that segregated society racially (in South Africa).

Question 39

Of the time frame we have covered, who primarily controlled China?

Answer 39

The Manchus/Ching Dynasty

Question 40

What were the British complaints with China? (4 things)

Answer 40

1. They don’t like high tariffs
2. Limited to trade in Canton
3. They could trade only through Co-hong (Chinese merchant organization).
4. They don’t like being viewed as inferior.

Question 41

How did opium get into China?

Answer 41

The British smuggled it in from India and traded it for actual goods.

Question 42

What sparked the Opium War of 1839-1842?

Answer 42

In 1839, the Chinese destroyed a British ship containing $6 million of opium.

Question 43

What ended the Opium War?

Answer 43

After a series of skirmishes, the Manchus signed the Treaty of Nan-King.

Question 44

What did the Treaty of Nan-King do? (5 things)

Answer 44

1. British received $21 million indemnity.
2. Tariff was now fixed at 5% (on British goods going into China)
3. China is essentially opened up to British.
4. Extraterritorial rights.
5. Britain received “most favored nation” status.

Question 45

What did “most favored nation” status do?

Answer 45

It gave Britain the best deal in China when conflicting with another nation.

Question 46

What were the extraterritorial rights the British received?

Answer 46

It was the right of a British citizen to be tried in a British court, all while in China.

Question 47

What was significant about the Nan-King treaty?

Answer 47

It was the template that other countries used when dealing with China for the next 100 years.

Question 48

What were the Unequal Treaties?

Answer 48

All of the treaties the Manchus signed with Western nations, which they practically ignored.

Question 49

What was the Tia Ping Rebellion?

Answer 49

From 1850-1864, there was a massive civil war between the Manchus and rebels. 20 million people died.

Question 50

Who led the rebels in the Tia Ping Rebellion?

Answer 50

Hong, who believed he was the younger brother of Jesus.

Question 51

What was the Boxer Rebellion?

Answer 51

From 1899-1900, a war was fought after the Boxers destroyed foreign legations in Peking.

Question 52

What were foreign legations?

Answer 52

Embassies

Question 53

Of the countries whose embassies were attacked by the Boxers, what was their response?

Answer 53

They demanded the Manchus do something about it and they didn’t. So they formed a coalition and wiped out the boxers.

Question 54

What is a sphere of influence?

Answer 54

When a country possesses great influence/control over another.

Question 55

What is an open door policy?

Answer 55

Free trade with a country.

Question 56

In 1899, U.S. Secretary of State John Hay wrote letters to other Western nations. What did he say?

Answer 56

In his first letter, Hay told them he agreed to spheres of influence in China, but with equality of trade rights. In his second letter, he thanked them for agreeing to the first letter (which they didn’t).

Question 57

From the 7th century to the 19th century, what was Japan’s form of government?

Answer 57

Feudalism

Question 58

What was the difference between European and Japanese feudalism?

Answer 58

Terminology

Question 59

What were Daimyos and who was the most powerful?

Answer 59

They were feudal lords and the most powerful was the Shogun.

Question 60

From 1603-1867, which clan made up the Shogun family?

Answer 60

The Tokagawa Clan.

Question 61

What family was the imperial family in Japan?

Answer 61

The Yamato family.

Question 62

Why did Matthew Perry sail into Edo Bay?

Answer 62

In July 1853, Perry did so to “open up” Japan.

Question 63

What did Perry want from Japan?

Answer 63

Refueling ports and trade with Japanese people. He also wanted them to not kill shipwrecked sailors.