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Nutrition Undergrad > Healthful Body Weight > Flashcards

Healthful Body Weight Flashcards

0
Q

Define morbid obesity (2)

A

Body weight exceeding 100% of normal

Very high risk for serious health consequences

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1
Q

Define obesity

A

Having an excess of body fat that adversely affects health

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2
Q

What is BMI?

A

Ratio of a persons weight to the square of his or her height

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3
Q

How is BMI calculated?

A

Kg/(m x m)

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4
Q

BMI values below ____ or above _____ have increased health risks

A

18.5

30

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5
Q

What is one of the downfalls of BMI?

A

Does not account for body composition

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6
Q

Name methods that can be used to measure body composition (5)

A 
Underwater weighing
Skinfold 
Bioelectric impedance analysis 
DXA
Bod pod
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7
Q

What is the static energy balance equation?

A

Energy intake = energy expenditure

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8
Q

How many kcal per gram in alcohol?

A

7

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9
Q

An excess intake of approx ______ kcal will result in a gain of 1 pound

A

3500

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10
Q

What are the components of total 24 hour energy expenditure?(3)

A

Basal metabolic rate
Thermic effect of food
Energy cos of physical activity

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11
Q

What is direct calorimetry?

A

Method that measures the amount of heat the body releases

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12
Q

How does indirect calorimetry work?(2)

A

Estimates energy expenditure by oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) production

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13
Q

For a mixed diet, 1 litre oxygen consumed = energy expenditure of ____ kcal

A

4.81

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14
Q

What is doubly labelled water?(2)

A

A form of indirect calorimetry used to determine free living EE in humans

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15
Q

What is basal metabolic rate?

A

Energy expended to maintain resting functions of the body

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16
Q

What is the primary determinant of BMR?

A

Amount of lean body mass

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17
Q

Factors that increase BMR (7)

A 
High lean body mass
Greater height
Younger age
Elevated thyroid hormone
Stress
Male
Stimulant drugs
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18
Q

Factors that decrease BMR (6)

A 
Low lean body mass
Lower height
Older age
Low levels of thyroid hormone
Starvation / fasting
Female
19
Q

What is Thermic effect of food?

A

Energy expended to process food

20
Q

What does TEF depend on?

A

Composition of food

21
Q

What is the Thermic effect of

A) glucose
B) fat
C) protein

A

5-10%
3-5%
20-30%

22
Q

Why is the Thermic effect of fat low?(2)

A

Lower energy requirement to store fat as triglycerides

In comparison to the synthesis of proteins from AAs or glycogen from carbs

23
Q

What is the average Thermic effect of a mixed meal?

A

5-10%

24
Q

What are the genetic factors influencing body weight?(4)

A

Height
Weight
Body shape
Metabolic rate

25
Q

About a ___% of body fat is accounted for by genetic influences

A

25

26
Q

Name some hormones that decrease food intake (4)

A

Leptin
Peptide YY
CCK
Secretin

27
Q

Name some hormones that increase food intake (3)

A

Ghrelin
Neuropeptide Y
Beta-endorphins

28
Q

Increase in blood glucose after a meal ______ food intake

A

Decreases

29
Q

What is the metabolic syndrome?(3)

A

A cluster of factors increasing the risk for:

Heart disease
T2D
Stroke

30
Q

Which factors are involved in the metabolic syndrome?(5)

A

Central obesity plus 2 of the following:

Triglyceride levels above 1.6 mmol/l
Low HDL levels
Blood pressure above or equal to130/85 mmHg
Fasting blood glucose above 5.5 m/dL

31
Q

What percentage of adipose tissue is fat?

A

87%

32
Q

How many grams are in a pound of fat?

A

454

33
Q

How is energy cost calculated?

A

Calories/weight/minutes

34
Q

How is BMR per day calculated in men?

A

Bodyweight x 1 x 24

35
Q

How is BMR per day calculated in women?

A

Bodyweight x 0.9x 24

36
Q

How many kcal/day leads to a gain of 2 pounds?

A

1000

37
Q

How many kcal/day leads to a gain of 1 pound

A

500

38
Q

How is BMI converted into metric?

A

X703

39
Q

What are the main characteristic of a low fat diet?

A

11-19% of total energy as fat

40
Q

What is the main characteristics of a high fat diet?(4)

A

55-65% of total energy from fat
Low carb
Causes ketosis
Decrease blood glucose

41
Q

What are the health risks associated with being overweight?(4)

A

Heart disease
High blood pressure
T2D
Sleep disorders

42
Q

How can a ketogenic diet lead to weight loss?(3)

A

Reduction in appetite
Increased lipolysis
Reduction in respiratory quotient

43
Q

According to ________ what are the mechanisms that cause alcohol to contribute to weight gain?

A

Galgani 2008

Alcohol diverts dietary fat away from oxidation and towards storage

44
Q

Define overweight

A

Having a moderate amount of excess body fat

45
Q

What are the negatives of processed food?(2)

A

Uses sugar and/or salt as preservatives

Nutrition Undergrad (19 decks)

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