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Nutrition Undergrad > Proteins > Flashcards

Proteins Flashcards

0
Q

What joins amino acids together?

A

Peptide bonds

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1
Q

Describe transamination?(2)

A

Transfers amine group from an essential amino acid to a different acid group and R group
To make a non-essential amino acid

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2
Q

What is gene expression?

A

Process by which cells use genes to make proteins

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3
Q

Describe protein turnover

A

Existing proteins are degraded to provide building blocks for new proteins

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4
Q

What determines protein function?(2)

A

Sequence of the amino acids

Spiral shape from twist in AA chain

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5
Q

What is urea?

A

Waste produced from excess nitrogen

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6
Q

What must be available for protein synthesis to occur?

A

All essential AAs

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7
Q

Which populations require higher amounts of protein?(4)

A

Children
Adolescents
Pregnant women
Athletes

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8
Q

What are some of the challenges of vegetarian diets?(2)

A

Low in some nutrients

May be associated with disordered eating

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9
Q

What is a gene?

A

Segment of DNA that serves as a template for the synthesis (expression) of a particular protein

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10
Q

What is transcription?

A

When messenger RNA copies the genetic information from DNA

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11
Q

What is translation?

A

When the genetic information in RNA is converted into the AA sequence of a protein

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12
Q

What happens during protein denaturation?(2)

A

Proteins uncoil and lose shape

Function is lost

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13
Q

What can cause protein denaturation?(5)

A 
Heat
Acid
Base
Heavy metal
Alcohol
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14
Q

What is the effect of a limiting amino acid?

A

Slows down or halts protein synthesis

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15
Q

Where does protein digestion begin?

A

Stomach

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16
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

Breaks down proteins into short polypeptides and AAs

17
Q

What is gastrin?(2)

A

A hormone that controls HCL acid production

And pepsin release

18
Q

Where is protein taken from when used as an energy source?(2)

A

Blood

Body tissues

19
Q

Name methods for determining protein needs (2)

A

Nitrogen balance

Indicator amino acid oxidation

20
Q

Name good sources of protein (8)

A 
Meat
Quorn
Legumes
Quinoa
Milk based products
Soy products
Nuts
Whole grains
21
Q

What are the health benefits of being vegetarian?(4)

A

Lower saturated fat
Lower total energy intake
Reduce risk of heart disease
Fewer digestive problems

22
Q

Which vitamins must vegetarians pay special attention to?(3)

A

Vitamin D
B12
Riboflavin (B2)

23
Q

Explain the protein digestion process in the stomach (3)

A

HCL denatures proteins
Pepsin activated
Pepsin breaks down proteins into smaller PP and single AAs

24
Q

Explain the protein digestion process in the small intestine (3)

A

Proteases are secreted to digest (breakdown) polypeptides to dipeptides and tripeptides
Cells in the wall further breakdown tripeptides and dipeptides to single AAs
AAs absorbed into blood

25
Q

Which source of protein has the highest quality?(2)

A

Animal protein

90% absorption

26
Q

What are the potential health risks of excess protein?(3)

A

High cholesterol
Bone loss
Kidney disease

27
Q

How much protein per gram of body weight should a sedentary adult consume?

A

0.8

28
Q

Explain the importance of proteins in acid-base balance (2)

A

Protein side chain can attract hydrogen to buffer acidic environment
Protein can release hydrogen to buffer alkalic environment

29
Q

Explain the importance in proteins is Na/K balance (3)

A

Sodium and potassium balance vital for never conduction

Proteins involved in Na/K pump regulate cell electrolyte balance

30
Q

How does protein maintain fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

Proteins attracts fluid to prevent them building up in tissues

31
Q

Explain nitrogen balance (3)

A

Involves measuring nitrogen intake and excretion over 2 week period
More nitrogen in than out means positive balance
Vice-versa

32
Q

Which part of protein structure does not get affected by denaturation?

A

Primary structure

33
Q

In the UK what is the RNI for protein?

A

0.75 g x body weight

34
Q

How many protein decrease adiposity?(2)

A

Increased thermogenesis and satiety

35
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

9

36
Q

What differentiates amino acids from each other?

A

Side chain

37
Q

What is the primary structure?

A

Order of amino acids

38
Q

What is the secondary structure?

A

Folding of amino acid chain

39
Q

What is the tertiary structure?

A

Folding that results in 3D shape of the protein

40
Q

What is the quaternary structure?

A

When two or more polypeptides join together to form a larger protein

Nutrition Undergrad (19 decks)

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