MOD Session 8- Neoplasia 1

Question 0

Define malignant neoplasm

Answer 0

An abnormal growth of cells that persists after removal of the stimulus and invades surrounding tissue with the potential to spread to distant sites.

Question 1

Define neoplasm

Answer 1

An abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus is removed.

Question 2

What is a neoplasm a type of?

Answer 2

Tumour

Question 3

Define tumour

Answer 3

A clinically detectable lump or swelling.

Question 4

What is a cancer?

Answer 4

A malignant neoplasm

Question 5

Define metastasis

Answer 5

A malignant neoplasm that has spread from its original (primary) site to a new non-contiguous (secondary) site.

Question 6

What is dysplasia?

Answer 6

A pre-neoplastic alteration

Cells show disordered tissue organisation.

Question 7

Why is dysplasia not neoplastic?

Answer 7

Because the change is reversible.

Question 8

What is the behavioural difference between benign and malignant tumours?

Answer 8

Benign tumours remain at their site of origin and don’t metastasise, whereas malignant tumours have the potential to metastasise.

Question 9

Why does the surface break in malignant tumour and cause ulceration?

Answer 9

Because the tumour is growing faster than a new blood supply can be produced.

Question 10

What are the macroscopic differences between benign and malignant tumours?

Answer 10

Benign- grow in a confined local area and have a pushing outer margin.
Malignant- have an irregular outer margin and shape. They may show necrosis and ulceration.

Question 11

What does differentiation refer to?

Answer 11

How well the cells resemble a normal, parent tissue.

Question 12

What are anaplastic cells?

Answer 12

Cells that have no resemblance to any tissue.

Question 13

What is pleomophism and what happens to the cells?

Answer 13

It is worsening differentiation that causes cells to:

• have increasing nuclear size
• have increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
• have increased nuclear staining (nuclear hyperchromasia)
• have more mitotic figures
• have increasing variation in cell shape and size

Question 14

What is nuclear hyperchromasia?

Answer 14

Increased nuclear staining

Question 15

How is differentiation indicated?

Answer 15

Grading.

High grade= poor differentiation.

Question 16

What is neoplasia caused by?

Answer 16

Accumulations of mutations in somatic cells.

Question 17

What are the steps of neoplasm mutation?

Answer 17

• initiators cause mutations to occur.
• promoters cause cell proliferation.
• these two together produce an expanded monoclonal population.
• a process called progression in which further mutations occur cause a neoplasm to emerge from the monoclonal population.

Question 18

What does a proto-oncogene become when it is abnormally activated?

Answer 18

Oncogene.

Question 19

What happens to a tumour-suppressor gene when there is a genetic alteration?

Answer 19

Becomes inactivated.

Question 20

What is the suffix for benign neoplasms?

Answer 20

Oma

Question 21

What is the suffix for malignant epithelial neoplasms?

Answer 21

Carcinoma

Question 22

What is the suffix for malignant stromal neoplasms?

Answer 22

Sarcoma

Question 23

What is leukaemia?

Answer 23

A malignant neoplasm of blood-forming cells arising in the bone marrow

Question 24

What is lymphoma?

Answer 24

Malignant neoplasms of lymphocytes, mainly affecting lymph nodes

Question 25

What do germ cell neoplasms arise from?

Answer 25

Pleuripotent cells in ovaries and testes.

Question 26

What are neuroendocrine tumours?

Answer 26

Ones that affect cells dispersed throughout the body that have neurone and endocrine functions.

Question 27

What are blastomas?

Answer 27

Neoplasms that commonly affect children and are formed in immature precursor cells.

Question 28

What is a papilloma?

Answer 28

Finger like projection

Question 29

What is a polyp?

Answer 29

A raised broccoli shaped projection above a surface.