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NATIONAL BOARDS!! > Community Dental Health > Flashcards

Community Dental Health Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 government levels of Community Dental Health?

A

International, Federal, State, and Local

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2
Q

What is the prime example of International level?

A

WHO - World Health Organization

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3
Q

What are a couple Federal agencies?

A

DHHS - Department of Health and Human Services

CDC - Centers for Disease Control and prevention

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4
Q

What does the Federal government do for dental?

A

Acts on oral health problems of national significance.

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5
Q

What does the State government do?

A

Provides consultation services to local health departments

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6
Q

What does the Local government do?

A

Administers county and city programs. example Fluoridation

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7
Q

What is Epidemiology?

A

Study of health and disease in populations

-requires the disease to be measured quantitatively.

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8
Q

What is quantitatively?

A

information that can be counted or expressed numerically and is often collected in experiments. represented in graphs and charts.

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9
Q

Epidemiologic studies: What is Prevalence

A

usually refers to the estimated population of people who are managing a disease at any given time.

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10
Q

Epidemiologice studies: What is Incidences?

A

refers to the annual diagnosis rate or the number of new cases of a particular disease diagnosed each year.

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11
Q

Prevalence and Incidence how they can differ: just an example.

A

short-lived disease like flu can have high annual incidence but low prevalence while a life-long disease like diabetes has a low annual incidence but high prevalence.

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12
Q

Define Epidemic:

A

unexpectedly large number of cases of disease in a particular population at a particular place and time.
-example - meningitis outbreak among senior high school students enrolled at Borah High School during fall quarter)

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13
Q

Define Endemic:

A

A disease that occurs regularly in a population as a matter of course
- example - hay fever during spring

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14
Q

Define Pandemic:

A

An outbreak of disease over a wide geographical area often worldwide
- example - worldwide Ebola scare (WHO)

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15
Q

Research Methods:

What is a descriptive study?

A

All subjects receive the treatment and this is no formal control group.

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16
Q

Research Methods:

What is analytical study?

A

Tests hypotheses to establish cause.

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17
Q

In a descriptive study: Define cross-sectional study.

A

-Determines who is getting the disease and where and when the disease is occuring
“SNAPSHOT”
- type of descriptive study in which disease and exposure status are measured simultaneously in a given population

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18
Q

What are uses for Epidemiology?

A

Examines effects of host factors (age, gender, race, immunity), biological causes (bacteria, virus, fungus), physical environment (sun exposure, industrial pollutants, radiation), and lifestyle considerations (socioeconomic status, drug/alcohol consumption, diet)

19
Q

Uses for epidemiology includes: there are 6

A
  • Collecting data to describe normal biological processes
  • Understanding the natural history of a disease process
  • Measuring the distribution of a disease in a given population
  • Identifying determinants of disease
  • Testing hypotheses for prevention and control of a disease through studies
  • Planning and evaluating health care servies
20
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

-there is an example

A

Referred to ‘HO’
Hypothesis which a researcher tries to disprove or nullify
-Easier to disprove hypothesis than eliminate all potential contributing factors.
- It is a preferred method
-Example - daily flossing does not lower interproximal caries rate

21
Q

What is an alternative hypothesis?

-there is an example

A

Referred to ‘H1’
Alternate way to explain the phenomenon
-Example - daily flossing decreases interproximal caries rate

22
Q

What is experimental analytical studies?

A

Carried out under controlled setting

-Example - laboratory or clinical

23
Q

There are 2 different experimental blindness in the experimental analytical study what are they?

A

Blindness and Double blind

24
Q

Define a blindness experimental study:

A

Researcher remains uniformed; prevents bias

25
Q

Define a double blind experimental study:

A

Neither the researcher nor the subjects know who is receiving treatment.

26
Q

Out of these 2 studies which one is the best way to avoid bias? Blindness or Double Blind

A

Double blind.

27
Q

Define Obersvational Analytical study.

A

You observe ONLY

28
Q

What are the 3 types of observational analytical study:

A
  • Cohort
  • Case control
  • Cross Sectional
29
Q

What is a Cohort study?

A
  • “Prospective”

- Follows large group over a period of time to evaluate effects of variables on health.

30
Q

Which study is preferred over Case-control studies? Cohort or Cross sectional
and why?

A
  • Cohort (prospective) study

- Because researchers are not looking back in time

31
Q

In Cohort study if both groups are observed simultaneously what is the investigation called?

A

Concurrent cohort study / prospective cohort study

32
Q

What is a Case Control study?

A
  • In the Future
  • “Retrospective”
  • 2 groups of subjects: 1 with the condition (case) and 1 without (control)
33
Q

What is a Cross Sectional study?

A
  • Back in time
  • Descriptive study that measures disease and exposure status simultaneously.
  • SNAPSHOT
34
Q

What is a Longitudinal study?

A

-Refers to ANY type of study that is long-term

35
Q

Define variables:

What are the 2 types?

A

What is being observed or measured.

-Dependent variable and Independent Variable

36
Q

Define Dependent Variable:

A
  • The outcome of interest
  • Should change in response to some intervention
  • HINT - the DEPENDent variable DEPENDS on the independent variable.
37
Q

Define the Independent Variable:

A
  • The intervention
  • HINT - ‘In” is in BOTH independent and intervention
  • the independent variable is manipulated to produce a response to the dependent variable.
38
Q

What are the research samples: There are 5 of them

A
  • Random Sample
  • Stratified Sample
  • Systematic Sample
  • Judgment Sample
  • Convenience Sample
39
Q

Define Random Sample:

A

every element in the population has an EQUAL chance of being selected (REDUCES THE CHANCE OF BIAS)
- example - pick names out of a phone book.

40
Q

Define Stratified Sample:

A
  • Selecting an element according to certain subgroups
  • Selecting a proportionate number of participants from each subgroup for the sample.
  • Example - Identify all of the dental hygiene schools attending this board review and select 2 numbers from each school
41
Q

Define Systematic Sample:

A
  • Select every “nth” to participate

- Example - count off by 6 and then form groups based on like numbers

42
Q

Define Judgment Sample:

A
  • Someone familiar with the population selects the sample
  • HIGH chance of bias
  • Example - your class president selects fellow students to be in one of 4 table clinic groups
43
Q

Define Convenience Sample:

A
  • Sample group is chosen based solely on convenience
  • May or may not increase bias
  • Example - the 1st 10 people to walk through the door today were asked to fill out a questionaire

NATIONAL BOARDS!! (22 decks)

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