Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

From Flashcardlet > psychology 201 ch.3/4 > Flashcards

psychology 201 ch.3/4 Flashcards

0
Q

Cell body

A

Coordinates information processing tasks and keeps cell alive (protein synthesis, energy production, metabolism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Neurons

A

Cells in the nervous system that communicate with another to perform information-processing tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive information from other buttons and relay it to the cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Axon

A

Carries info to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Insulating layer of fatty material on axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Glial cells

A

Makes up myelin sheath. Support cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Synapse

A

Junction or region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Receive information from the external world and convey it to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Motor neurons

A

Carry signals from the spinal cord to muscles to provide movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Interneurons

A

Connect sensory neurons, motor neurons or other neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Conduction

A

The movement of an electrical signal within neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Transmission

A

Movement of electric signals from one neuron to another over the synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Resting potential

A

The difference in eclectic charge between the inside and outside of a neurons cell membrane. (-70 mv)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Action potential

A

Electric signal that is conducted alone the length of the neuron’s axon to synapse. Has to reach threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Refractory period

A

Time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Charge seems to “jump” from node to node rather than having traverse the entire axon (helps speed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Terminal buttons

A

Knoblike structures that branch out from an axon (filled with Neurotransmitters)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Reuptake

A

Neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the terminal button

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Enzyme deactivation

A

Specific enzymes break down specific Neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Autoreceptors

A

Detect how much of a neurotransmitter has been released into a synapse and signal the neuron to stop releasing the Neurotransmitter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Agonists

A

Drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Antagonist

A

Drugs that block the function of a Neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Central nervous system

A

Spinal cord and brain. Receives sensory information, process and coordinates info, sends command to skeletal/ muscular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Connects central nervous system to the body’s organs and muscles. (Somatic and automatic nervous system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Set of nerves that conveys information between voluntary muscles and CNS. (Conscious control)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Automatic nervous system

A

Set of nerves that carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs, and glands (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Set of nerves that prepares the body for action in a challenging or threatening situations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Helps body return to a normal resting state.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Spinal reflexes

A

Simple pathways on the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Hindbrain

A

Area of the brain that coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Medulla

A

Extension of the spinal cord into the skull that coordinates heart rate, circulation, and respiration (hindbrain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Reticular formation

A

Regulates sleep, wakefulness, and levels of arousal. (Hindbrain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Cerebellum

A

Large structure of hindbrain that controls fine motor skills (hindbrain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Pons

A

structure that relays information front the cerebellum to the rest of the brain (hindbrain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Midbrain

A

Important for orientation and movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Tectum

A

Orients an organism in the environment (midbrain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Tegmentum

A

Involved in movement and arousal (orients toward stimulus) (midbrain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Forebrain

A

Highest level of the brain an is critical for complex cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outermost layer of the brain, visible to the naked eye, and divided into two hemispheres (forebrain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Subcortical structures

A

Areas of the forebrain housed under the cerebral cortex near center of brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Thalamus

A

(Subcortical structures) relays and filters information from the senses (not smell) and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex. Closes pathways during sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Hypothalamus

A

(Subcortical structures) regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Pituitary gland

A

(Subcortical structures) body’s hormones producing system. Controls stress, digestive, and reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Limbic system

A

Group of forebrain structures including hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala. Motivation, emotion, learning, and memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Hippocampus

A

(Limbic system) critical for creating new memories and integrating them into a network so that they can be stored indefinetely in other parts of the cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Amygdala (Limbic system)

A

Plays a central role in many emotional processes, particularly formation of emotional memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Basal ganglia

A

(Limbic system) set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Contralateral control

A

Each hemisphere controls the functions of the opposite side of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Commissures

A

Bundles of axon that make possible communications between parallels areas of cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Largest Commissures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Processes visual information

51
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Processing information about touch

52
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Responsible for hearing and language, process information, also interprets meaning of visual stimuli

53
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement

54
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Active when an animal performs a behavior, such as reaching for or manipulating an object, and are also activated when another animal performing the same behavior

55
Q

Brain plasticity

A

Sensory cortices are not fixed. They can adapt to change in sensory inputs

56
Q

Gene

A

Major unit of hereditary transmission

57
Q

Chromosomes

A

Strands of DNA wound around each other in a double- helix configuration (23 pairs)

58
Q

Degree of relatedness

A

Probability of sharing genes

59
Q

Epigenetics

A

Environmental influence that determines whether or not genes are expressed, or the degree to which they are expressed, without the basic DNA sequence.

60
Q

Epigenetic marks

A

Chemical modification to DNA that can turn genes on or off

61
Q

DNA methylation

A

Adding a methyl group to DNA (switches off gene)

62
Q

Histone modification

A

Adding chemical modifications to proteins called histones that are involved in packaging DNA. (Switches genes on)

63
Q

Heritability

A

Measure of the variability of behavior all traits among individuals that can be accounted for by genetic factors. (Dependent upon environment)

64
Q

Sensation

A

Simple stimulation of a sense organ

65
Q

Perception

A

(Brain) the organization, identification, interpretations of a sensation in order to form a mental representation

66
Q

Transduction

A

When many sensors in the body convert physical signals from the environment into the encoded neural signals sent to the central nervous system

67
Q

Psychophysics

A

Methods that measures the strength of a stimulus and the observers sensitivity to that stimulus.

68
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The minimal intensity needed to just barely detect stimulus

69
Q

Just noticeable difference

A

The minimal change in stimulus that can just barely be detected.

70
Q

Webers law

A

The just noticeable difference of a stimulus is a constant proportions despite variations of intensity

71
Q

Noise

A

Refers to all other stimuli coming from the internal and external environments

72
Q

Signal detection theory

A

The response to a stimulus depends both on a persons sensitivity to the stimulus in the presence of noise and on a persons decision criterion

73
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Sensitivity to prolonged stimulation tends to decline over the time as an organism adapts to current conditions

74
Q

Visual acuity

A

Ability to see fine detail

75
Q

Length of wavelength

A

Color

76
Q

amplitude of wavelength

A

Brightness

77
Q

Purity

A

Number of distinct wavelengths

78
Q

Retina

A

Light sensitive tissue lining the back of the eyeball

79
Q

Accommodation

A

Process by which eye maintains a clear image on the retina

80
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness

81
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness

82
Q

Photoreceptor cells

A

Contain light sensitive pigments that transduce light into neural impulses

83
Q

Cones

A

Detect color, operate under normal daylight conditions and allow us to focus on fine detail

84
Q

Rods

A

Become active under low light conditions for night vision

85
Q

Fovea

A

Area of retina where vision is clearest (no rods) cones densely packed here

86
Q

Cones come in three types

A

Red (long wavelength)
Green (medium wavelength)
Blue (short wavelength)

87
Q

Color opponent system

A

Pairs of visual neurons work in opposition

88
Q

Ventral (below) stream

A

Occipital cortex, across occipital lobe, lower levels temporal lobe

89
Q

Dorsal “above” stream

A

Occipital cortex, up occipital lobe, parietal lobe (location/motion)

90
Q

Binding problem

A

How features are linked together so that we see unified objects in our visual world rather free floating features.

91
Q

Illusory conjunction

A

Perceptual mistake where features from multiple objects are incorrectly combined.

92
Q

Feature integration theory

A

Focused attention is not required to detect the individual features that comprise a stimulus, such as the color, shape, size, location of letters, but is required to hind those features together

93
Q

Role of parietal lobe

A

Binding process makes use of feature information processed by structure within the ventral visual stream (what pathway)

94
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Even as aspects of sensory signals change, perception remains consistent

95
Q

Principles of perceptual organization (gestalt)

A 
Simplicity 
Closure 
Continuity 
Similarity 
Proximity
Common fate
96
Q

Image based object recognition

A

An object you have seen before is stored in the memory as a template

97
Q

Parts based object recognition

A

Brain deconstructs viewed objects in a collection of parts

98
Q

Monocular depth cues

A

Aspects of a scene that yield information about depth when viewed with only one eye

99
Q

Binocular disparity

A

Difference in retinal images of the two eyes that provides information about depth

100
Q

Apparent motion

A

Perception of movement as a result of alternation signals appearing in a rapid succession in different locations

101
Q

Change blindness

A

When people fail to detect change to the visual details of a scene

102
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Failure to perforce objects that are not the focus of attention

103
Q

Sound waves

A

Changes in air pressure unfolding over time

104
Q

Frequency of sound wave (wavelength)

A

Perceived as pitch

105
Q

Amplitude of sound wave

A

Loudness

106
Q

Complexity of sound wave

A

Mix frequencies

107
Q

Area A1

A

Portion of temporal lobe that contains the primary auditory cortex

108
Q

Place code

A

Registers high frequencies stimulated neural signals at specific places along the basilar membrane

109
Q

Temporal code

A

Registers relatively low frequencies via the firing rate of action potential entering the auditory nerve

110
Q

Hepatic perception

A

Active exploration of the environment by touching and grasping objects with our hands

111
Q

Congenital insensitivity to pain

A

Rare inherit disorder that impairs the pain receptors

112
Q

A- delta fibers

A

Sharp fast pains

113
Q

C fibers

A

Long lasting throbbing pain

114
Q

Referred pain

A

sensory information from internal and external areas converge on the same nerve cell in the spinal cord

115
Q

Gate-control theory of pain

A

Signals arriving from pain receptors in the body can be stopped or gated by interneurons in the spinal cord via feedback from two directions

116
Q

Vestibular system

A

Three fluid filled semi circuits canals and adjacent organs located next to the cochlea in the inner ear

117
Q

Somatosen

A

Physical changes in or on the body

118
Q

Olfaction

A

Smell (forebrain)

119
Q

Gustation

A

Taste

120
Q

Olfactory receptor neurons

A

Receptor cells that initial smell

121
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

Brain structure located above nasal cavity

122
Q

Valence centered approach

A

Emotional response comes first and provides basis for determining identity

123
Q

Taste buds

A

Organ of taste transduction

Contains 50-100 taste receptors

124
Q

Depth cues

A

Linear perspective
Texture gradient
Interposition
Relative height of image

From Flashcardlet (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions