Learning

Question 1

Habituation

Answer 1

An organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

Question 2

Associative Learning

Answer 2

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)

Question 3

Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Question 4

Unconditional Response

Answer 4

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditional stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth

Question 5

Unconditional Stimulus

Answer 5

In classical Conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically-triggers a response

Question 6

Conditioned Response

Answer 6

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned stimulus)

Question 7

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 7

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that , after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response

Question 8

Extinction

Answer 8

The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

Question 9

Generalization

Answer 9

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar reponses

Question 10

Discrimination

Answer 10

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that does not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Question 11

Operant Conditioning

Answer 11

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Question 12

Law of effect

Answer 12

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequence become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Question 13

Shaping

Answer 13

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Question 14

Positive reinforcement

Answer 14

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food (strengthens response)

Question 15

Negative reinforcement

Answer 15

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. (Strengthens the response, not a punishment)

Question 16

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 16

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

Question 17

Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 17

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

Question 18

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Answer 18

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of response

Question 19

Variable Ratio Schedule

Answer 19

In operant conditioning, an reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of response

Question 20

Fixed- Interval Schedule

Answer 20

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Question 21

Variable Interval Schedule

Answer 21

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Question 22

Observational Learning

Answer 22

Learning by observing others

Question 23

Modeling

Answer 23

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Question 24

B.F. Skinner

Answer 24

Developed the fundamental principles and techniques of operant conditioning and devised ways to apply them in the real world; he designed the operant chamber

Question 25

Punishment

Answer 25

any consequence that decreases the future likelihood of a behavior

Question 26

Edwin Thorndike

Answer 26

Author of Law of Effect

Question 27

Albert Badura

Answer 27

Observational Learning