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science > Chpt 1.1-1.2 Bio > Flashcards

Chpt 1.1-1.2 Bio Flashcards

1
Q

Other microscope

A
  • electron microscope
  • transmission electron mic (TEM)
  • scanning electron mic (SEM)
  • scanning tunnelling mic (STM)
  • Atomic force mic (AFM)
  • Pictures: electron micrograph
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2
Q

Calculating total microscope magnification

A

(Ocular) x (Objective lens)

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3
Q

3 features of a compound microscope

A
  1. Magnification or magnifying power
    - calculation
  2. Resolution or resolving power
    - to see in clear detail
  3. Contrast
    - Methylene blue and iodine is used to improve contrast
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4
Q

Biology

A

The study of living beings Anna life process

All living things are made up of one or more cells

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5
Q

Cells

A
  • Are the basic unit of the building blocks of life

- each cell is made up of smaller compound called organelles

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6
Q

Organelles

A
  • Is the structure with in a cell works works
  • works together to find out the specific function that supports the life of the cell
  • specific roles with in a cell depending on the function
  • more than one type de les of another for example muscle cells require a lot of energy
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7
Q

Organelle functions (GERMS IW)

A
  • Growth
  • Exchange of gases
  • response to stimuli
  • movement
  • see reproduction
  • intakes of nutrients
  • wast removal
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8
Q

Proper use of the microscope

A
  1. carry with both hands: grasp the arm with one hand and place the other under the base for support
  2. Turn nosepiece and here a click meaning in position
  3. Put slide on stage
  4. Coarse adjustment, lower lens down as far without touching the stage
    5 eyepiece and adjust light, and diaphragm
  5. Can move coarse knob up
  6. Move slide so it can be venter
  7. And more…
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9
Q

Cellular processes

A

Activities that organelles perform to carry out the cells functions

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10
Q

Two of the most important cellular prodded are

A

Diffusion and osmosis

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11
Q

Diffusion

A

Example: perfume and food colouring
And essential cellular process
- The movement of molecules are other particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until they are evenly distributed “equilibrium”

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12
Q

Concentration

A

The number of molecules of the substance in a given volume

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13
Q

Diffusion occurs

A

Within a cell
- substance that produces by one organelle make travel to another organelle or the cell membrane by diffusion through the cytoplasm
Across the cell
- breathing and blood picking up oxygen
Outside a cell in body fluids
- nerve cells release chemicals communicate with each other

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14
Q

Osmosis

A

And essential cellular process the movement of water molecules across a semi permeable, from a high concentration to an area of low concentration
- until equilibrium is reached

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15
Q

3 membranes

A

Impermeable - no passage
Semi permeable- some molecules are allow through
Permeable - all molecules

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16
Q

Cell cycle

A

Repeating cycle occurs to cell

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17
Q

The cell

A

During most of the cell cycle the cell is growing however there’s alignment to how big a seller can become as the cell increases in size relationship of the surface area of the cell membrane to the amount of volume of change the volume of a cell cytoplasm increase after the surface area of the sun if this occurs then the cell can’t absorb substance from the environment or expelled way sufficiently when a cell reaches a certain site it is healthier for the south to undergo division cell of adult humans are generally the same size as the cell in a children only more

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18
Q

The cell cycle stage

A

Interphase and mitosis

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19
Q

Interphase

A
  • cell is preparing for cell division
  • 90% of the cycle
  • has three phases: first growth phase, synthesis phase and second growth phase
  • Celtics in U-turns grows and carries out of their normal cell functions
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20
Q

Mitosis

A
  • Involve cell division
  • genetic information in the nucleus is packaged into two equal portions
  • cytoplasm is split into two portions
  • use for growth and repair
    Has 5 phase: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis
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21
Q

First growth phase

A
  • Period of growth
  • cell produce new proteins and organelles
  • if cell is healthy and conditions are favorable the cell moves into the next phase
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22
Q

Synthesis phase

A

Key proteins that are associated with, chromosomes are produced during this phase

  • cell makes or synthesizes and entire copy of the DNA of the cell
  • once the DNA has been copy the sound lose into the second growth phase
23
Q

Second growth phase

A
  • Sell produces the organelles and structures needed for cell division
  • this is the shortest phase of interphase
24
Q

Chromosomes

A

Every cell contains chromosomes

  • each chromosome is a long piece of collided DNA and protein
  • the number of chromosomes in each cell is different for the different organism
25
Q

Typical human cell

A

46 chromosomes 23 matching pair

26
Q

Horse cell

A

64 chromosome

27
Q

Hermit cell

A

254 chromosome

28
Q

When not dividing chromosome

A

DNA and protein that makes up the chromosomes are spread throughout the nucleolus in the form of chromatin

29
Q

Chromosome dividing

A
  • are visible at this stage at the beginning of the cell division chromosomes condense into visible structures each chromosome is copy call sister chromatid
  • One a chromatid goes to each of the new cell
30
Q

Prophase

A

Duplicated DNA (chromatin)
condensed into chromosomes
- nuclear membrane disappears to allow movement of chromatids
- mitotic spindles forms to move chromatid around the cell
• chromatids are attached to the spindles at their centromeres
- centrioles moves to each end of the cells forming poles of the mitotic spindle (animal cells only)

31
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes are completely condensed

  • line up in the middle equator of the cell
  • mitotic spindle is complete and is made of tiny tubes that extend from each pole of the middle of the cell
  • tubes connect to the centromere of each chromosome to the two poles
32
Q

Anaphase

A

The sister chromatids separate at the centromere

  • each chromatid is now a complete chromosome
  • new chromosomes are pulled apart and Drawn to each of the cell
33
Q

Telophase & cytokinesis

A

Nuclear membrane begin to form around each of the two and denticle you clean chromosomes begin to” one cell appears to have two nuclei cycles can nieces the cell divides the cytoplasm into two portions animal cell the cell brain changes in word splitting the cell into two cells plant cells a cell plate forms the cell wall and inner plasma membrane in each of the new cells

34
Q

Mutations in the cells

A

DNA and controls the cell cycle

- occasionally a mutation takes place in the DNA may create uncontrolled cell

35
Q

Cancer

A

A group of disease in which cell division is uncontrolled of getting some cancer seems to be inherited coded into DNA other forms of cancers are caused by factors in the violent poor lifestyle choice or virus

36
Q

Tumours

A

Uncontrolled cell division sometimes leads to the formation of a bomb or tumor
- definition: a mass of cells that continue to divide without any benefit to the body

37
Q

2 types of tumours

A

Benign and malignant

38
Q

Benign tumour

A

Has no serious effect on the normal cell around it normal cell may be crowded the function is unaffected not cancerous

39
Q

Malignant tumour

A

Interferes with the work of the cell around it or destroyed the normal cell

  • are cancerous
  • can break away and travel to another part of the body and ten can start a new tumour
40
Q

Causes of cancer

A
  1. Genetically inherited cancer in the breast cancer types of calling cancer and appears within members of the same family
  2. Factors in the environment:
    Called carcinogen
    Include tobacco smoke smokeless tobacco products x-ray environmental pollution UV radiation from sunlight are tanning beds some virus or Ganic solvents certain chemicals in plastic
  3. Poor life style choices
    - fruits and vegetable provide fibers vitamins and natural cancer fighting compounds Antioch cited super foods includes tomatoes carrots red grapes broccoli
  4. Viruses
    - you live in HPV is linked to more than 99% of cases of cervical cancer HPV and hype to be or two fires that are directly linked to cancer hi Patrice be cause disease of the liver
41
Q

Reducing your risk of getting cancer

A

Check for lunch regularly and tell your doctor
- reducing or eliminating your exposure to carcinogens
can reduce your risk of cancer
- healthy diet
- vaccines

42
Q

Cell specialization

A

Multicellular organism is a collection of different types of cells specialized jobs
- all cells have the same DNA information but they are not all light

43
Q

Definition of cell specialization

A

Different types of cells develop to have different structures and ability to perform their function efficiently

44
Q

Stem cell

A

Also start is in denticle sells it is unspecialized each that’s dumb style has the potential to become a specialized cell when is exposed to the proper environmental condition or as it matures

45
Q

First three stem cell

A

Muscle, nerve, and blood

46
Q

Cell differentiation

A

The series of events through which stem cells develop into specialized cells
- The cell looks different and perform different functions let’s look at 5 cells skin, muscles neeve and more

47
Q

Types of stem cells

A

Embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells

48
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

Found in their invoice available to undergo differentiation

49
Q

Adult stem cells

A

Cells have divided and specialization has occurred I don’t have a limited ability to create variety of cell types
- in addle organism there a few examples themselves most of the cells are involved in the replacement of damaged tissue example items themselves are found in skin blood and mural to shield researcher found a blood from adults themselves have regenerate liver kidney and brain cells

50
Q

Stem cell research

A

Current research involves the use of stem cells in the treatment of such disease as cancer stroke heart disease diabetes

51
Q

Plant stem cells

A
  • stem cells and pans are called meristematic cells
  • found in growing tips of ribs and stems and in layers of the stem known as Cambium
  • are active throughout the life of the plant
  • example: in onion root tip
52
Q

Multicellular organisms

A

Made up of many cells

- cells group together become specialized

53
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells that function together to perform specialized tasks

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