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Anatomy Section 3 > 3.8 Heart General > Flashcards

3.8 Heart General Flashcards

1
Q

Position of the heart:

A

-tipped forward
-skewed to the left (60%)
-laterally flattened/compressed
-ribs 3-6

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2
Q

Shape of the heart:

A

-conical: base and apex

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3
Q

Cardiac topography:

A

-heart
-cardiac notch
-spaces 4-5 for cardiocentesis
-regions for

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4
Q

Triangular zone of oscillation: dog

A

-caudal border of triceps
-before you hit the transverse processes of vertebrae
-costo-diaphragmatic recess

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5
Q

Pleuritis:

A

-inflammation of pleura
>doesn’t necessarily imply infection
-cavity will fill up and the lung will pushed away from the recesses

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6
Q

Costo-diaphragmatic recess:

A

-the space where the lung never reaches
-how you can do thorax sentisis without puncturing a lung

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7
Q

Tracheal bifurcation occurs:

A

-immediately above the heart
>about the 5th rib
-half way between the point of withers and the sternum

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8
Q

Angle of the heart differs among species:

A

-dog: tipped more cranial (base more ‘forward’)
-pig: in between
-horse: almost completely upright

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9
Q

Relations to the heart: laterally

A

-lungs
-chest wall
-phrenic nerve

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10
Q

Phrenic nerve:

A

-innervate diaphragmatic muscles

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11
Q

Relations to the heart: cranially

A

-thymus
-lungs
-cranial mediastinum

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12
Q

Relations of the heart: caudally

A

-diaphragm
>abdominal viscera

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13
Q

Apex of the heart:

A

-lies right against the diaphragm

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14
Q

Functional overview of the heart:

A

-4 chambers, 2 pumps
-size varies by species and fitness
-portal systems
-oxygenated blood

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15
Q

Size of heart average:

A

-0.75% BW
>bigger in athletes

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16
Q

Portal systems:

A

-vascular system which begins and ends in capillary plexus

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17
Q

How much blood does the heart pump/move?

A

-80 to 100% of blood volume per minute

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18
Q

Fibrillation:

A

*asynchronous contraction
-when the heart receives random electrical impulses
>rapid and ineffective contractions
-ineffective and often fatal

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19
Q

Coordinated contraction:

A

-alternating contraction and relaxation of the myocardium in the walls
-coordinated by the conduction system
-systole: contraction phase
-diastole: relaxation phase

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20
Q

Sino-atrial (SA) node:

A

-pacemaker
-causes atrial contraction
-regulated by accelerating sympathetic and retarding vagal inputs

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21
Q

Electrical impulse through the heart:

A

-SA node
-AV nodes: where it is delayed
-impulse transmitted down AV bundles

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22
Q

Atrial contraction:

A

-last stage of ventricular relaxation
-“tops up” ventricles
-sometimes get a jugular pulse

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23
Q

Jugular pulse:

A

-when the atria contracts, and some blood may reflux into veins
-seen mostly in cattle

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24
Q

During ventricular relaxation:

A

-pulmonary and aortic (arterial) valves are closed

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25
Q

Ventricular contraction:

A

-closes the AV valves
>papillary muscles prevent eversion of the cusps into the atria
*as contraction develops, blood forces the arterial (pulmonary and aortic: semilunar) valves open and conducting arteries are expanded by the sudden input

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26
Q

R. ventricle contraction:

A

-squeezed in a “bellows”
>outer wall is draw toward the septum

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27
Q

L. ventricle contraction:

A

-more cylindrical
-contracts radially and in length
>generates a more powerful effect

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28
Q

Heart sounds:

A

-lub, dub
-sometimes they can be split
*puncta maxima

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29
Q

‘lub’:

A

-closure of the mitral and tricuspid atrioventricular valves at beginning of ventricular systole

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30
Q

‘dub’:

A

-caused by closure of aortic valves and pulmonary valve at end of ventricular systole

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31
Q

Puncta maxima

A

-projections of the heart valves on chest wall are not necessarily the spots where the sounds ar most clearly heard
*due to intervening tissues

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32
Q

Pulmonary, aortic and left AV valves best auscultated:

A

-over the 3rd, 4th, and 5th ribs of the left side

33
Q

Right AV valve best auscultated:

A

-4th rib on the right

34
Q

Cardium:

A

-endocardium
-myocardium
-pericardium

35
Q

Blood flow in the heart:

A

-cranial and caudal vena cava
-R. atrium
-R. ventricle
-pulmonary valve to pulmonary trunk
-lungs
-L. atrium
-L ventricle
-aortic valve to aorta

36
Q

L. lateral (auricular surface)

A

-R. auricle peaking out
-L. auricle
-R. ventricle
-L. ventricle
-paraconal grove
-conus arteriosus
*R. is cranial aspect

37
Q

Conus arteriosus:

A

-funnel end of the R. ventricle
>all the blood is funneled into the pulmonary trunk
-‘U’ turn

38
Q

Paraconal groove:

A

-‘beside the cone’

39
Q

R. lateral (atrial surface):

A

-L. atrium
-R. atrium (wrap around base of heart)
-L. ventricle
-R. ventricle
-subsinuosal groove

40
Q

Subsinuosal groove:

A

-where coronary vesicles travel

41
Q

Coronary groove:

A

-carries the earliest branches of coronary branches
-separation of atria above and vesicles below

42
Q

Fibro-cartilaginous plate: (base of the heart)

A

-ossa cordis
-heart valves
-coronary vessels

43
Q

Ossa cordis:

A

-little chunks of bone

44
Q

Atria:

A

-thin-walled
-U-shaped formation
-auricles (‘ears’)

45
Q

Right atrium:

A

-right and cranial to left atrium
-cranial and caudal vena cava
-intervenous tubercule
-sinus venarum
-auricular portion with pectinate muscles
-coronary sinus
-fossa ovalis
-terminal crest
-azygos vein

46
Q

2 parts of right atrium:

A

-auricle
-sinus venarum

47
Q

Sinus venarum:

A

-where the blood meets from the caudal and cranial vena cava

48
Q

Coronary sinus:

A

-where most of the venous blood from the heart comes from
-‘with the’ caudal vena cava

49
Q

Terminal crest:

A

-where cranial vena cava opens into the R. atrium
>site of the SA node

50
Q

Intervenous tubercule:

A

-ridge produced by indentation
-prevents confrontation between caval streams
>deflects both ventrally and toward AV ostium

51
Q

Fossa ovalis:

A

-was the short cut for the fetus sot that blood didn’t need to go to the pulmonary system

52
Q

Azygos vein: different species

A

-R: horse and dog
-L: pig
-R&L: ruminants

53
Q

Left atrium:

A

-similar to right
-receives several pulmonary veins dorsal to caudal vena cava
-left and caudal to right atrium

54
Q

Ventricles:

A

-larger and thick-walled
-paraconal and subsinuosal interventricular grooves
-fibrous skeleton at base of heart

55
Q

Right ventricle location:

A

-crescentic
-wrapped around the right and cranial aspect of L. ventricle

56
Q

Right ventricle:

A

-conus arteriosus
-supraventricular crest
-RAV valve
-chordae tendinea
-papillary muscles
-trabecula septomarginalis
-trabeculae carneae
-pulmonary semilunar valve

57
Q

Supraventricular crest:

A

-incompletely divides the R. ventricle
-projects from roof cranial to the AV ostium

58
Q

Conus arteriosus:

A

-extension to the left
-leads directly to a smaller circular exit into the pulmonary trunk

59
Q

RAV valve:

A

-separates the intake from the outflow
-tricuspid

60
Q

Chordae tendinea:

A

-fibrous strands of each cusp
-descend into ventricular cavity to insert on papillary muscles
-ties downs the cusps

61
Q

Papillary muscles:

A

-projections from the ventricular walls

62
Q

Chordae tendinea and papillary muscles:

A

-each cusp to 2 muscles
-each muscle to 2 cusps

63
Q

Trabecula septomarginalis:

A

-crosses lumen of ventricle (septal wall to outer wall)
-thin band of muscle
-shortcut for electrical stimulus
>more simultaneous contraction of all parts of the ventricle

64
Q

Trabeculae carneae:

A

-further modification of the muscle in the ventricles by irregular ridges
-give lower part a spongy appearance
-thought to reduce blood turbulance

65
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve:

A

-catches the blood into 3 cup like structures at the base of the pulmonary artery
-lets blood through during ventricle contraction
-relaxed: flaps press their edges together to get a smooth seal

66
Q

Pulmonary valve location:

A

-more dorsal level than AV ostium
-cranioinistral to origin of the aorta

67
Q

Cusp of a valve;

A

-border can become thickened and get a nodule
>helps the valve pick up the blood that wants to rush back

68
Q

R vs. L ventricle:

A

-R: cranial and to the right, thinner
-L: caudal and to the left, thicker

69
Q

L. ventricle:

A

-thick-walled
-forms the apex
-circular in section
-chordae tendinea
-papillary muscles
-no septomarginal band
-left AV
-aortic valve

70
Q

Left AV valve:

A

-bicuspid (‘mitral’)
-closes the AV ostium
-to the left of the median plane

71
Q

Aortic valve:

A

-similar to pulmonary
-semilunar
-more central position within the heart
*nodular thickenings are very CLEAR

72
Q

Location of heart; general

A

-between ribs 3-6

73
Q

Location of heart: dog

A

-r3 – s6

74
Q

Location of heart: ox

A

-s2 – s5

75
Q

Location of heart: horse

A

-s2 – s6

76
Q

Puncta maxima: dog

A

Left:
-P: 3 (low CCJ)
-A: 4 (high sh. J)
-LAV: 5 (low CCJ)
Right:
-RAV: 3-4 (low)

77
Q

Puncta maxima: ox

A

Left:
-P: 3 (med.)
-A: 4 (high)
-LAV: 4-5 (med.)
Right:
-RAV: 4-5 (med.)

78
Q

Puncta maxima: horse

A

Left:
-P: 3 (low)
-A: 4 (high)
-LAV: 5 (med.)
Right:
-RAV: 3-4 (low)

79
Q

Horse puncta maxima:

A

-all valves lie within a few cm of a horizontal plane mid-way between shoulder and elbow joints
-LAV: is in a lower part of the band (2 finger-breadths caudal to point of elbow)
*cow is similar

Anatomy Section 3 (13 decks)

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