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NAVEDTRA 14295B HOSPITAL CORPSMAN > 06_ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY > Flashcards

06_ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Top of the body?

A

Superior

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2
Q

Lower end of body?

A

Caudal

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3
Q

Laying face down?

A

prone

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4
Q

The human body is broken down into what 7 levels of organization?

COC-TOS-O

A
  • Chemical (more than 100 diff. atoms)
  • Organelle (allows the cell to live)
  • Cellular
  • Tissue (fabric of the body)
  • Organ
  • System (11 major ISM-NEC-LR-DUR)
  • Organism Levels (can survive hostile environments)
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5
Q

11 major systems in human?

ISM-NEC-LR-DUR

A 
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Circulatory
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
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6
Q

Smallest and most numerous structural unit that possesses and exhibits the basic characteristics of living matter?

A

Cell

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7
Q

A typical cell is made up of what 3 parts?

A

Plasma Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

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8
Q

Plasma membrane exchanges materials through the cell by what process?

A

Diffusion

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9
Q

Controls chemical reactions occurring in the cell?

A

Nucleus

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10
Q

Substance contained in the nucleus?

A

Nucleoplasm

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11
Q

Every human cell contains ____ chromosomes and _______ of genes to determine cell’s function

A

46, thousands

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12
Q

Gel-like substance surrounding nucleus, responsible for vital functions

A

Cytoplasm

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13
Q

Unicellular organism?

A

Amoeba

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14
Q

Lining tissue of the body?

A

Epithelium

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15
Q

Epithelial classification?

SINGLE vs MULTI LAYERED

A

“Simple vs Stratified”

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16
Q

3 Classifications of epithelial tissues?

A

Columnar: Elongated
Squamous: Main protective tissue
Cuboidal: Found in specialized organs

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17
Q

Columnar epithelial cells chief function in the digestive system?

A

Secretion of digestive fluids and absorption of nutrients

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18
Q

Squamous tissue may be found where?

A

Eardrum

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19
Q

In the kidneys, cuboidal tissue functions how?

A

Secretion & absorption of fluids

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20
Q

Most widespread tissue of the body?

A

Connective

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21
Q

Connective tissue is composed of?

A

Extracellular materials (fibers and ground substance)

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22
Q

Three predominant types of connective tissue?

A

Areolar
Adipose
Osseous

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23
Q

Chief function is is bind parts of the body together. Gives tensile strength and elasticity.

A

Areolar Connective Tissue

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24
Q

Adipose (fatty) tissue first appears as what shape?

A

Star

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25
Q

Tissue that forms tendons, ligaments, cartilage and bones?

A

Osseous Connective Tissue

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26
Q

3 types of muscular tissue?

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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27
Q

Muscle cells that are striated and are joined end to end, resulting in a complex network of interlocking cells?

A

Cardiac

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28
Q

Basic cell of nerve tissue?

A

Neuron

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29
Q

Outer layer of skin?

A

Epidermis

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30
Q

Known as “true skin”

A

Dermis

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31
Q

The skin contains what two types of nerve fibers?

A

Motor

Sensory

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32
Q

Appendages of the skin?

A 
Nails
Hair
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
Ceruminous glands
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33
Q

What small muscle causes goose bumps?

A

Arrector

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34
Q

Sebaceous glands are not found in?

A

Soles of feet and palms of hand

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35
Q

How much sweat is excreted daily?

A

1 Liter

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36
Q

The skeleton consists of how many bones?

A

206

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37
Q

Study of the structure of bone?

A

Osteology

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38
Q

Bone is made up of what?

A

MINERAL SALTS (calcium & phosphorus)

OSSEIN (organic)

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39
Q

Hard outer shell of bone?

A

COMPACT BONE

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40
Q

Inner spongy portion of bone?

A

Cancellous tissue

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41
Q

Center of bone?

A

Medullary Canal (contains marrow)

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42
Q

Smooth glossy tissue that forms joint surfaces?

A

Articular cartilage

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43
Q

Thin outer membrane surrounding the bone?

A

Periosteum

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44
Q

Known as the pain center of the bone?

A

Periosteum

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45
Q

Shaft of the bone?

A

Diaphysis

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46
Q

Ends of bone?

A

Epiphyses

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47
Q

4 BONE CLASSIFICATIONS?

A
  • LONG (femur, humerus)
  • SHORT (wrist ankle)
  • FLAT (skull, sternum, scapula)
  • IRREGULAR (vertebrae, mandible, pelvic)
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48
Q

Axial skeleton consists of?

A

skull, the vertebral column, thorax

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49
Q

Skull consists of how many bones?

A

28

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50
Q

8 major bones in cranium?

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
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51
Q

The facial skeleton consists of how many stationary bones?

A

14

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52
Q

Bones responsible for prominence of cheeks?

A

Zygomatic

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53
Q

Bones on side of skull “fan shaped”

A

Temporal bones

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54
Q

Opening in which nerve fibers from brain pass and enter into spinal cord?

A

Foramen Magnum

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55
Q

Nerves responsible for sense of smell pass through small openings of what bone?

A

Ethmoid

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56
Q

Bone that forms the floor and side of orbits?

A

Sphenoid

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57
Q

L shaped bone that forms the floor of nasal cavity

A

Palatine

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58
Q

Knuckle shaped head of mandible?

A

Condyloid process

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59
Q

Forms the septum

A

Vomer & Ethmoid bones

60
Q

Helps lift mandible to close mouth?

A

Coronoid process

61
Q

Supports the teeth of the mandibular arch?

A

Alveolar process

62
Q

AKA chin

A

Mental protuberance

63
Q

Anesthetic for dental procedures is typically injected where?

A

Mandibular foramen

64
Q

Bones of ear?

A

MALLEUS: hammer
INCUS: anvil
STAPES: stirrup

65
Q

The vertebral column consists of how many true vertebrae?

A

24

66
Q

5 regions of spine?

A 
CERVICAL
THORACIC
LUMBAR
SACRAL
COCCYGEAL
67
Q

C-1 & C-2

A

Atlas

Axis

68
Q

There are how many vertebrae in the thoracic region.

A

12

69
Q

There are how many lumbar vertebrae?

A

5

70
Q

The 5 lumbar vertebrae fuse together between what age?

A

18-30

71
Q

The first 7 ribs are attached to what flat irregular bone?

A

Sternal manubrium

72
Q

First 7 ribs?

Last 5 ribs?

A

True, False

73
Q

Last 2 rib pairs are known as?

A

Floating ribs

74
Q

Located at the inferior aspect of the sternum?

A

XIPHOID PROCESS

75
Q

Clavical shaped like what letter?

A

S

76
Q

The pectoral girdle is composed of what?

A

2 Scapulae and 2 clavicles

77
Q

The scapula is between what ribs?

A

2-7

78
Q

Head of humerus a.k.a.

A

Glenoid Fossa

79
Q

Distal prominence of humerus?

A

Epicondyle

80
Q

The radius crosses over the ulna when the hand is in what position?

A

Pronated (palm down)

81
Q

How many carpal bones form the wrist?

A

8 bones, 2 rows

82
Q

Each finger has how many phalanges?

A

3 (except thumb which has 2)

83
Q

Hip bone consists of what 3 parts?

A

Ilium, Ischium, Pubis

84
Q

Head of femur fits into what cuplike structure?

A

Acetabulum

85
Q

Number of metatarsals (foot bones) in body?

A

10

86
Q

Number of toe bones in body?

A

28

87
Q

Outer prominence of the hip bone?

A

Ilium (crest of illium = illiac crest)

88
Q

Area where the 2 pubic bones meet?

A

Symphysis Pubis

89
Q

Longest bone in the body?

A

Femur

90
Q

Bones that develop within a tendon are known as?

A

Sesamoid bones

91
Q

Shin bone?

A

Tibia

92
Q

Name for ankle?

A

Tarsus

93
Q

Seven tarsal bones that form the ankle?

A 
Medial Cuneiform
Intermediate Cuneiform
Lateral Cuneiform
Cuboid
Navicular
Talus
Calcaneus (strongest)
94
Q

The foot has how many metatarsal bones?

A

5

95
Q

Joints are classified how?

A

by the amount of movement they permit

96
Q

Bones of the skull are an example of what type of joint?

A

Synarthroses (immoveable)

97
Q

Vertebrae are an example of what type of joint?

A

Amphiarthroses (slightly moveable)

98
Q

Six types of moveable joints?

A 
Ball-in-socket
Condyloid
Gliding
Hinge
Pivot
Saddle
99
Q

Sprain

A

Torn Ligaments

100
Q

4 joint movements?

A

Gliding
Angular
Rotation
Circumduction

101
Q

Types of angular motion?

A 
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Circumduction
--------------------
OTHER TYPES:
Supination
Pronation
Inversion
Eversion
102
Q

TMJ consists of 3 bony parts?

A

Glenoid fossa
Articular eminence
Condyle

103
Q

Tendons attach?

A

Muscle to Bone

104
Q

Three-fold function of muscle?

A

Providing movement
Posture
Heat

105
Q

A contracting muscle is referred to as?

A

Prime Mover

106
Q

A relaxing muscle is known as an?

A

Antagonist

107
Q

A muscles response to stimulus?

A

Excitability or irritability

108
Q

Chemical action of muscle fibers consists of what two stages?

A

Contraction (actin & myosin)

Recovery

109
Q

Chemical waste produced by muscle contraction?

A

Carbon dioxide
Lactic acid
Phosphate

110
Q

Types of muscle contraction?

A

Isometric

Isotonic

111
Q

Rigor mortis sets in what time frame?

A

10 minutes to several hours

112
Q

3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

113
Q

Muscles are attached in what two places?

A

ORIGIN: Immovable
INSERTION: Moveable

114
Q

How many pairs of muscle make chewing movements possible?

A

4

  • ** 3 pairs elevate the mandible ***
  • ** 1 pair depresses mandible ***
115
Q

Muscle that prevents food from escaping the chewing action of the teeth?

A

Buccinator

116
Q

Anchors the tongue in the midline to the floor of the mouth.

A

Lingual Frenulum

117
Q

Provides the tongue with friction in handling food and acts as taste buds?

A

Papillae

118
Q

4 types of taste sensations are?

A

Sweet
Sour
Bitter
Salty

119
Q

Muscles that form the floor of mouth?

A

Mylohyoid

120
Q

The health of this structure in the mouth affects the health of the entire body?

A

Teeth

121
Q

3 Functions of saliva?

A

Keep mouth lining moist
Bond food to assist in swallowing
Cleaning agent

122
Q

Amount of saliva produced daily?

A

2-3 pints

123
Q

3 major salivary glands?

A

Sublingual
Submandibular
Parotid (inside cheek @ maxillary 2nd molar)

124
Q

Swallowing

A

Deglutition

125
Q

3 phases of deglutition?

A

1) mastication/swallowing
2) food through pharynx into esophagus
3) food passing into stomach

126
Q

Muscles that rotate the head left/right when used individually, up/down when used together.

A

Sternocleidomastoid

127
Q

Muscles that cover approx 1/3 of back and raise/lower shoulders?

A

Trapezius

128
Q

Insertion point of Pectoralis Major?

A

Tubercle of the humerus

129
Q

The SITE OF CHOICE for intramuscular injections?

A

Gluteus maximus

130
Q

How many muscles make up the quadriceps?

A

Adductor longus

131
Q

Biceps Femoris?

A

Hamstring

132
Q

*** Longest muscle in the body?

A

Sartorius

133
Q

Calf muscles?

A

Gastrocnemius & Soleus

134
Q

Floor of the thoracic cavity and ceiling of abdominal cavity?

It has how many opening for the passage of blood vessels?

A

Diaphragm, 3

135
Q

Average adult has how many liters of blood?

A

5-6

136
Q

Plasma is what % of whole blood (plasma & cells)

A

55

137
Q

Plasma is a clear, slightly alkaline, straw colored liquid consisting of
____ % water?

A

Approx 92%

138
Q

Protein that contributes to coagulation?

A

Fibrinogen

139
Q

Blood cells suspended in plasma constitute __% of whole blood?

A

45

140
Q

When blood components are separated, the WBCs and platelets form a thin layer called?

A

buffy coat

141
Q

Small, biconcave, non-nucleated disks formed in the read bone marrow?

A

RBCs (Erythrocytes)

142
Q

Blood of an average man contains how many red cells per cubic millimeter?

A

5 million

143
Q

May cause an increase in RBCs?

A

Emotional stress
Strenuous exercise
High altitudes

144
Q

Key of RBCs ability to carry oxygen & carbon dioxide?

A

Hemoglobin

145
Q

Main function of erythrocytes?

A

Transport respiratory gases

146
Q

Dark red (venous) blood is the result of?

A

hemoglobin combining with carbon dioxide

147
Q

Proximal

A

Nearest to the point of origin

NAVEDTRA 14295B HOSPITAL CORPSMAN (17 decks)

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