13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning

Question 1

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 1

Stimulus that evokes a particular response only after i has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 2

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 2

Stimulus that automatically evokes an unconditioned response

Question 3

Classical conditioning

Answer 3

Type of conditioning produced by the pairing of two stimuli, one of which evokes an automatic response

Question 4

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 4

Response automatically evoked by an unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

Instrumental conditioning (operant conditioning)

Answer 7

A type of condition in which reinforcement or punishment changes the future probabilities of a given behavior

Question 8

Reinforcer

Answer 8

Any event that increases the future probability of the preceding response

Question 9

Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 9

Response evoked by a conditioned stimulus after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 10

Punishment

Answer 10

An event that suppresses the frequency of the preceding response

Question 13

Engram

Answer 13

Physical representation of what has been learned

Question 14

Short-term memory

Answer 14

Memory of events that have just occurred

Question 15

Mass action

Answer 15

Concept that the cortex works as a whole and the more cortex, the better

Question 16

Equipotentiality

Answer 16

Consept that all parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex behaviors; any part of the cortex can subsitute for any other

Question 17

Lateral interpositus nucleus (LIP)

Answer 17

A nucleus of the cerebellum that is essential for learning

Question 19

Long-term memory

Answer 19

Memory of events that occured futher back in time

Question 20

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 20

Loss of memory for events that occurred before brain damage

Question 26

Consolidate (consolidation)

Answer 26

To strengthen a memory and make it more long-lasting

Question 28

Procedural memory

Answer 28

The development of motor skills and habits; a special kind of implicit memory

Question 30

Radial maze

Answer 30

An apparatus used to test spatial memory in nonhumans

Question 31

Explicit memory

Answer 31

Deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory

Question 32

Episodic memory

Answer 32

Memories of single personal events

Question 33

Tau protein

Answer 33

Part of the intracellular support structure of axons

Question 34

Implicit memory

Answer 34

An influence of experience on behavior, even if the influence is not recognized

Question 35

Morris water maze

Answer 35

A procedure used to test for spatial memory in nonhumans

Question 36

Semantic dementia

Answer 36

A loss of semantic memory

Question 39

Amnesia

Answer 39

Memory loss

Question 40

Declarative memory

Answer 40

Deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory

Question 41

Korsakoff’s syndrome (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome)

Answer 41

Brain damage caused by prolonged thiamine deficiency

Question 42

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 42

Inability to form memories for events that happend after brain damage

Question 44

Delayed matching-to-sample task

Answer 44

Task in which an animal sees a sample object and then after a delay must choose an object that matches the sample

Question 45

Delayed nonmatching-to-sample task

Answer 45

Task in which an animal sees an object and then after a delay must choose an object that does not match the sample

Question 53

Confabulation

Answer 53

A distinctive symptom of Korsakoff’s syndrome in which patients fill inn memory gaps with guesses

Question 60

Amyloid-b

Answer 60

A protein that accumulates to higher than normal levels in the brain of people with Alzheimer’s disease

Question 61

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 61

Condition characterized by memory loss, confusion, depression, restlessness, hallucinations, delusions, sleeplessness, and loss of appetite