Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology > 15Chapter 3&4: Cells and Genetic function > Flashcards

15Chapter 3&4: Cells and Genetic function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 principle parts of a generalized cell?

A
  1. Plasma Membrane
  2. Organelles
  3. Cytoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two types of membrane proteins?

A

Integral and Peripheral Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the difference between integral a and peripheral membrane proteins?

A

Integral proteins penetrate through the membrane.

Peripheral proteins are on the inner or outer surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List the functions of the cell membrane.

A
  1. Channel
  2. Transport
  3. Receptor
  4. Enzyme
  5. Anchor
  6. Identify marker.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the fluid on the inside of the cell called?

A

Intercellular Fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the fluid on the outside of the cell called?

A

Extracellular Fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define the terms ‘active’ and ‘passive’ with respect to membrane transport.

A

Active Transport
- involves the movement of materials against the concentration gradient with the use of energy.
Passive Transport
- involves movement from a region of high concentration to a region of low without an expenditure of energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water molecules through a selective permeable membrane.
-it is the movement of water molecules (the solute) from an area of high concentration to an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across the membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hypotonic

A

A lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water occurs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hypertonic

A

A lower concentration of water and a higher concentration of solutes occurs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the Cytosol of the cell?

A
  • the intercellular fluid is the semifluid portion of cytoplasm.
  • Made of 75-90% water, plus proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and inorganic substances.
  • Where many metabolic reactions occur.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus.

A

A spherical structure surrounded by a double membrane, and contains the nucleolus and chromatin.

-includes nuclear envelope, nucleoli, and genetic material (DNA).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Structure and location of ribosomes.

A
  • Tiny spheres that consist of ribosomal RNA and several ribosomal proteins.
  • Occurs free (singly or in clusters) or together with endoplasmic reticulum.
  • Sites of protein synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the structure and function of lysosomes

A

structure: membrane-bound sacs with digestive enzymes, acid pH
function: -digests nutrients, phagocytized bacteria and old organelles (autophagy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of the microtubules?

A

Help to determine cell shape and function in the intracellular transport of organelles and migration of chromosomes during cell divisions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the primary function of cilia?

A

To move materials over the surface of cell located in the lining of resperatory tract and fallopian tube.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cytoskeleton proteins with the smallest diameter are called _______.

A

Microfilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Transcription

A

The copying of a base sequence of DNA into a base sequence of RNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Translation

A

The use of the base sequence of mRNA to assemble the corresponding sequence of amino acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

From DNA to RNA:

C-T-T-A-G-A-G-A-T-G

A

G-A-A-U-C-U-C-U-A-C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cytokeleton

A

A network of several kinds of protein filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm and provide a structural framework for the cell.
–consists of microfilaments, intermediate filaments and mircotubules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The process of transcription provides which 3 types od RNA

A
  1. Messenger (mRNA)
  2. Ribosomal (rRNA)
  3. Transfer (tRNA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Anticodon

A

A sequence of 3 nucleotides on a tRNA molecule;

which allows tRNA to bind to a specific sequence of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

A cell spends most of its life in what stage of the life cycle?

A

interphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the function of a gene?

A

Determines the amino acid sequence of a protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Gene

A

A specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Termination (stop) Codon

A

A 3 nucleotide sequence in mRNA that signifies the end of the message.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which cell organelle is the site of fatty acid, phospholipid, and steroid synthesis?

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

When equilibrium is obtained in diffusion, random moleculae motion continues but what stops?

A

Net Diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which lipids compose approximately 3/4 of the lipids in the plasma membrane of the human cell?

A

Phospholipids

33
Q

The cellular contents located between the outer limiting membrane of the cell and its nucleus is/are collectively known as _______.

A

Cytoplasm

34
Q

The only example of a flagellum in the human body is in the _______.

A

Tail of the sperm cell

35
Q

Human cells are basically factories that provide large numbers of diverse what?

A

Proteins

36
Q

In bulk-phase endosytosis, the cell membrane folds inward and forms a _________ vesicle, which allows a droplet of extracellular fluid to flow inward and then surround the liquid.

A

Pinocytic

37
Q

In ______, pseudopods surround large, solid particles outside the cell and engulf them.

A

exocytosis

38
Q

In metaphase, the centromeres of the chromatid pairs line up at what plane region?

A

Equatorial plane region

39
Q

What happens to cells in hypotonic solutions?

A

Absorb water, swell and even burst

40
Q

What happens to cell in isotonic solutions

A

No change

41
Q

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

A

Loses waste and shrinks

42
Q

What cell shape is best for diffusion?

A

squamous

43
Q

What cell shape is best for communication?

A

stellate

44
Q

What is the hydrophilic portion of the phospholipid bilayer made of?

A

phosphates

45
Q

What is the hydrophobic portion of the phospholipid bilayer made of?

A

fatty acids

46
Q

What are the 3 types of gated membrane channels?

A
  1. Ligand-regulated gated ion channels
  2. Voltage-regulated gates ion channels
  3. Mechanically regulated gated ion channels
47
Q

What is the structure and function of the glycocalyx?

A

structure: -external to plasma membrane
- carbohydrate coat on the cell surface
- chemically unique in everyone
function: -immunity
- cell recognition and adhesion

48
Q

What is the structure and function of microvilli?

A

structure: -extensions of the plasma membrane
- actin filaments at the base
function: -increases cells surface
- increases absorption

49
Q

What is actin?

A

a protein that functions in movement

50
Q

What is the structure and function of cilia?

A

structure: -hairlike projections (5x longer than microvilli)
- full of mircotubules
function: -move substances outside the cell

51
Q

What are the 5 types of membrane transport?

A
  1. filtration
  2. simple diffusion
  3. osmosis
  4. carrier-mediated transport
  5. vesicular transport
52
Q

What are the 3 types of carriers?

A
  1. uniport (1 solute at a time)
  2. symport (= or >2 in the same direction)
  3. antiport (= or >2 in different direction)
53
Q

What is transcytosis?

A

in one side of the cell and out the other

54
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

secretions of substance made in the cell.

55
Q

What is the structure and function of both types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

structure: membrane-bound, interconnected channels (cisterna)
function: Rough ER= (ribosomes)= protein and phospholipid synthesis
Smooth ER= steroid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage

56
Q

What is the structure and function of the golgi complex?

A

structure: membrane-bound, flattened sacs
function: -carbohydrate synthesis
- modification of proteins

57
Q

What is the structure and function of perioxisomes?

A

structure: membrane-bound sacs with free radical scavengers (H2O2)
functions: -neutralize free radicals
- detoxification of alcohol
- fatty acid hydrolysis

58
Q

What is the structure and function of mitochondria?

A

structure: -membrane-bound
- linner membrane is highly convoluted (cristae)
function: -cellular respiration (glucose –> ATP)

59
Q

What is the structure and function of centrioles?

A

structure: -cylinder of microtubules
function: -cell division
- forms the basal body of cilia

60
Q

What is the building block of microfilaments?

A

Actin

61
Q

What is the building block of intermediate filaments?

A

Keratin

62
Q

What is the building block of microtubules?

A

Tubulin

63
Q

What is the clear, structureless gel in a cell called?

A

Cytosol

64
Q

What is a Na+-K+ pump?

A

A transmembrane protein

65
Q

Cells specialized for absorption of matter from the ECF are likely to show an abundance of _______.

A

Microvilli

66
Q

Aquaporins are transmembrane proteins that promote what?

A

Osmosis

67
Q

Membrane carriers resemble enzymes except for what reason?

A

carriers do not chemically change their ligands

68
Q

Where does the contrasport of glucose derive energy from?

A

a Na+ concentration gradient

69
Q

What is the function of cAMP in a cell?

A

to activate kinases

70
Q

What are most cellular membranes made by?

A

the endoplasmic reticulum

71
Q

What is production of more than one phenotypic trait by a single gene called?

A

Pheiotropy

72
Q

When a ribosome reads a codon on mRNA, it must bind to the _____ of a corresponding tRNA.

A

Anticodon

73
Q

The normal functions of a liver cell- synthesizing proteins, detoxifying wastes, storing glycogen, and so forth- in what phase?

A

G phase

74
Q

Genetic transcription is performed by ___________.

A

RNA polymerase

75
Q

When does a chaperone come into play?

A

the folding of a new protein into its tertiary structure

76
Q

An allele that is not phenotypically expressed in the presence of an alternative allele of the same gene is said to be __________.

A

Recessive

77
Q

When do semiconservative replications occur?

A

the S phase of the cell cycle

78
Q

What is the cytoplasmic division at the end of mitosis called?

A

cytokinesis

Anatomy and Physiology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions