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Anatomy and Physiology > 15CHAPTER 14: BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES > Flashcards

15CHAPTER 14: BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES Flashcards

1
Q

What is rostral?

A

toward the nose (forehead)

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2
Q

What is caudal?

A

toward the tail (spinal cord)

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3
Q

What are gyri?

A

folds

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4
Q

What are sulci?

A

grooves

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5
Q

What does that longitudinal fissure do?

A

divides r/l hemispheres

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6
Q

What does the corpus callosum do?

A

connects hemispheres

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7
Q

What is grey matter composed of?

A

cell bodies, dendrites, proximal axons

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8
Q

What does grey matter form?

A
  • Forms cortex over cerebrum and cerebellum

- Forms nuclei deep within brain (within white matter)

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9
Q

What is white matter composed of?

A

Composed of tracts (bundles of axons) that connect parts of brain

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10
Q

What are the different kinds of meninges?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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11
Q

What are the two layers of dura mater and where are they?

A

Periosteal layer- outer, against skull, no epidural space

Meningeal layer- inner, extends to form dura mater around spinal cord

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12
Q

Where can you find dural sinuses and what do they collect?

A
  • occur between the two dura layers
  • collect blood that has circulated through the brain
  • drain blood into internal jugular veins of the neck
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13
Q

What are the 2 types of dural sinuses?

A

Superior sagittal sinus & transverse sinus

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14
Q

What separates meningeal dura from arachnoid?

A

Subdural space

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15
Q

What separates arachnoid from pia mater?

A

Subarachnoid space

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16
Q

What is the subarachnoid space filled with?

A

CSF

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17
Q

What are the ventricles lined with?

A

Ependymal cells (glial cells)

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18
Q

What do ependymal cells (glial cells) produce?

A

CSF

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19
Q

Each ventricle contains a ______________.

A

Choroid plexus

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20
Q

What is a choroid plexus and what does it produce?

A

Network of capillaries, produces CSF

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21
Q

What is the choroid plexuses covered with?

A

Ependymal cells

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22
Q

What is CSF’s functions?

A
  • Floats brain so it is neutrally buoyant -Buoyancy
  • Cushions brain from hitting inside of skull -protection
  • Chemical stability – rinses away wastes –chemical stability
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23
Q

How much CSF does the body produce and absorb in a day?

A

500 mL

24
Q

What are the 7 locations of circulation of CSF?

A
  1. 2 lateral ventricles (chamber within all 4 lobes of cerebrum
  2. Interventricular foramen
  3. 3rd ventricle (midsagittal, between thalami)
  4. Cerebral aqueduct (midsagittal)
  5. 4th ventricle (midsagittal between cerebellum and pons
  6. Out to subarachnoid space via 2 lateral and 1 medial aperturesbathes external brain and spinal cord
  7. Reabsorbed by arachnoid ville and released into superior sagittal sinus  transverse sinus mixes with blood –> internal jugular vein
25
Q

When does brain damage occur?

A

4 minutes without blood

26
Q

What does the brain barrier system regulate?

A

Passage of solutes from blood into tissue fluid of the brain

27
Q

What are the points of entry of the brain barrier system?

A
  1. Blood capillaries throughout brain tissue (Blood-brain barrier)
  2. Capillaries of choroid plexuses in the ventricles (Blood-CSF barrier)
28
Q

What is the brain barrier system highly permeable to?

A

Highly permeable to: H2O, O2, glucose, small lipids, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, anesthetics, CO2

29
Q

Where is the blood-CSF barrier?

A

At the choroid plexus lining ventricles

30
Q

What do the ependymal cells join in blood-CSF barriers?

A

Tight junctions

31
Q

What do astrocytes do in the blood-brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes reach out with perivascular feet and contact capillaries à stimulate endothelial cells to form tight junctions à seal capillaries so substances leaving blood pass through cells and do not escape between them

32
Q

What does the medulla conduct?

A

Signals up and down brainstem and between brainstem and cerebellum

33
Q

What are the 2 types of signals the medulla conducts?

A
  • Ascending tracts carry sensory information; found on the dorsal surface
  • Descending tracts carry motor information; found on the ventral surface
34
Q

What does the medulla contain and what crainal nerve arise from it?

A

Contains nuclei involved in vasomotin, respiration, swallowing, vomiting, head movements.
Nerve IX and XII

35
Q

What do pons conduct?

A

Conduct signals up and down brainstem

36
Q

What do pons contain and what nerves arise from it?

A

Contains nuclei involved in sleep, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movements, respiration, swallowing, Cranial nerve V

37
Q

Where does the cerebellum get input?

A 
From cortex (what do you want me to do?)
From vestibular system (where am I?)
And proprioception (what are my muscles doing right now?)
38
Q

Where does the cerebellum get output?

A

Up to control centres in motor cortex via thalamus for fine adjustment

39
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Motor coordination, posture, balance, motor learning, some emotion

40
Q

What does the midbrain do?

A

Connects hindbrain and forebrain

41
Q

What does the midbrain conduct?

A

Signals up and down to brainstem

42
Q

What does the midbrain contain and what nerves arise from it?

A

Contains nuclei involved in motor control, pain, visual attention, auditory reflexes
Gives rise to cranial nerves III and IV

43
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

Web of gray matter (nuclei) running vertically thru all levels of the brainstem

44
Q

What are the functions of the reticular formation?

A
  • Somatic motor control (reticulospinal tract regulates balance and posture)
  • Cardiovascular control
  • Pain modulation
  • Sleep and consciousness
  • Habituation
45
Q

What is cranial nerve I? Is it sensory, motor or mixed functions and what is its function?

A

Olfactory – S – Smell

46
Q

What is cranial nerve II? Is it sensory, motor or mixed functions and what is its function?

A

Optic – S – Vision

47
Q

What is cranial nerve III? Is it sensory, motor or mixed functions and what is its function?

A

Oculomotor – M – Muscles of eye and Pupil constriction

48
Q

What is cranial nerve IV? Is it sensory, motor or mixed functions and what is its function?

A

Trochlear – M – muscles of the eye

49
Q

What is cranial nerve V? Is it sensory, motor or mixed functions and what is its function?

A

Trigeminal – M –chewing/ S – Facial sensation

50
Q

What is cranial nerve VI? Is it sensory, motor or mixed functions and what is its function?

A

Abducens – M – Muscles in eye

51
Q

What is cranial nerve VII? Is it sensory, motor or mixed functions and what is its function?

A

Facial – S –taste/ M –Muscles of facial expression

52
Q

What is cranial nerve VIII? Is it sensory, motor or mixed functions and what is its function?

A

Vestibulo-cochlear – S – equilibrium

53
Q

What is cranial nerve IX? Is it sensory, motor or mixed functions and what is its function?

A

Glosso- Pharyngeal – S –taste/ M –swallowing

54
Q

What is cranial nerve X? Is it sensory, motor or mixed functions and what is its function?

A

Vagus – S – Cardiovascular regulation/ M –GI regulation and swallowing

55
Q

What is cranial nerve XI? Is it sensory, motor or mixed functions and what is its function?

A

Accessory – M – Muscles of head, neck

56
Q

What is cranial nerve XII? Is it sensory, motor or mixed functions and what is its function?

A

Hypoglossal – M – Tongue

57
Q

What makes up the hindbrain?

A

Medulla, pons and cerebellum

Anatomy and Physiology (18 decks)

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