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Anatomy and Physiology > 15CHAPTER 15: AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

15CHAPTER 15: AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS?

A

S= fight or flight

P= Rest and digest

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2
Q

Whats the difference in heart activity between the sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS?

A 
S= increases HR, increases strength of contraction
P= decrease HR, and strength of contraction
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3
Q

What is the difference in the digestive system between the sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS?

A 
S= decreases blood flow,
P= increases motility and secretion
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4
Q

What is the difference in the urinary system between the sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS?

A 
S= decreases blood flow
P= micturition reflex
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5
Q

What are the actions of blood vessels in the sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS?

A 
S= stimulation = vasoconstriction = decrease in blood flow
P= none
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6
Q

Where is the sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS located?

A 
S= thoracolumbar
P= craniosacral
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7
Q

Which ANS is responsible for maintaining homeostasis?

A

Both, sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS

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8
Q

Which ANS has background rate of activity causing autonomic tone?

A

Both, sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS

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9
Q

Neural pathways have what 2 neurons that come from the spinal cord and arrive at the target?

A

Preganglionic and postganglionic neurons

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10
Q

What are preganglionic neurons?

A

Cell body in spinal cord or brainstem

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11
Q

What are postganglionic neurons?

A

Cell body in autonomic ganglion or near the target

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12
Q

Where does the Sympathetic NS arise from?

A

the thoracolumbar location of the spinal cord.

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13
Q

In the SNS, short preganglionic myelinated neurons are with cell bodies located where?

A

in the lateral horn of gray matter in spinal cord

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14
Q

In the SNS, where does the axons travel?

A

Axon travels in spinal nerve and then communicating ramus (white) to the sympathetic chain ganglion

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15
Q

What is the ratio of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in the SNS?

A

1:17

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16
Q

From the sympathetic chain ganglion, what are the 3 pathways are possible for the ganglionic/postganglionic fibers?

A
  1. Spinal nerve route
  2. Sympathetic nerve route
  3. Splanchnic nerve route
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17
Q

What occurs in the spinal nerve route?

A

Preganglionic fibers synapse on postganglionic neurons in sympathetic chain ganglia = postganglionic fibers go back into spinal nerve via gray communicating ramus = take signal to skin, blood vessels, sweat glands etc.

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18
Q

What occurs in the sympathetic nerve route?

A

Preganglionic fibers travel up (or down) the sympathetic trunk, synapse on postganglionic neurons in ganglia at other levels = postganglionic fibers take signal to heart, lungs, pupils, glands

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19
Q

What occurs in the splanchnic nerve route?

A

Preganglionic fibers go through the chain without synapsing and continue as splanchnic nerves to synapse with postganglionic neurons in collateral ganglia (2nd set of ganglia) = postganglionic fibers take signal to digestive, reproductive, urinary organs

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20
Q

Where can you find the adrenal glands?

A

Sits on top of kidneys

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21
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Steroid hormones

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22
Q

What does the adrenal medulla contain?

A

Contains modified sympathetic ganglion (postganglionic neurons without dendrites or axons)

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23
Q

The preganglionic neuron stimulates modified postganglionic neurons to release what?

A

Hormones into blood

24
Q

Where does the parasympathetic NS arise from?

A

The craniosacral location

25
Q

In the PNS, long preganglionic neurons, with cell bodies in brainstem (midbrain, pons, and medulla) or sacral spinal cord (S2 – S4) synapse with what and where?

A

Short postganglionic neurons in terminal ganglia near target organ

26
Q

In the PNS there are short postganglionic neurons with cell bodies located where?

A

Near the target

27
Q

What is the ratio of preganglionic and postganglion neurons in the PNS?

A

1:2

28
Q

What are the 4 cranial nerves that are controlled by the PNS?

A

Oculomotor (III), facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X)

29
Q

What is the enteric nervous system specific to?

A

The digestive tract

30
Q

Does the enteric nervous system arise from the brain or spinal cord?

A

Neither

31
Q

What does the enteric nervous system regulate?

A

Regulated motility

32
Q

What is the enteric nervous system regulated by?

A

ANS

33
Q

What are the 2 types of fibres in the ANS?

A

Cholinergic fibers and adrenergic fibers

34
Q

What does adrenergic fibers secrete?

A

Secrete (NE), excitatory/inhibitory

35
Q

What do cholinergic fibers secrete?

A

Secrete (ACh), excitatory/inhibitory

36
Q

What are the types of receptor found in sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

A

Cholinergic receptors, Adrenergic Receptors (Sympathetic NS only)

37
Q

What are the 2 types of Ach receptors?

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

38
Q

What do nicotinic receptors do?

A

Opens ligand-gated ion channel

39
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors located?

A

At neuromuscular junctions and on postganglionic neurons of ANS

40
Q

What is the action of nicotinic receptors?

A 
Excitatory 
Curare (poison) blocks nicotinic receptors = flaccid paralysis (decreases thoracic muscle contraction = suffocation)
41
Q

What is a muscarinic receptor?

A

G protein coupled receptors – second-messenger systems

42
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors located?

A

Neuromuscular junctions and on postganglionic neurons of ANS

43
Q

What is the action of muscarinic receptors?

A 
Excitatory
Curare (poison) blocks nicotinic receptors = flaccid paralysis (decreases thoracic muscle contraction = suffocation)
44
Q

What are the 2 classes of Adrenergic Receptors?

A

Alpha (α and Beta (β

45
Q

What action does alpha and beta classes of the adrenergic receptors do?

A 
Alpha= usually excitatory
Beta= usually inhibitory
46
Q

What happens when B1 (beta 1) receptors are blocked?

A

Decreases strength of heart contraction and decreases HR

47
Q

What happens when B2 (beta 2) receptors are blocked?

A

Vasoconstriction of heart vessels = decrease in blood flow

48
Q

What is propranolol and why is it prescribed?

A

A beta-blocker, prescribed to reduce hypertension (high BP)

49
Q

What is dual innervation?

A

One target receives both sympathetic and parasympathetic input

50
Q

What can dual innervation can be?

A

Antagonistic (pupil diameter)

Cooperative (salivation)

51
Q

What is it called when blood vessels increase firing?

A

Vasoconstriction

52
Q

What is it called when blood vessels decrease firing?

A

Vasodilatation

53
Q

What does the limbic system provide?

A

pathway connecting mental experience with ANS

54
Q

Hypothalamus (major control of ANS) acts as a bridge between what?

A

the brain and ANS

55
Q

The Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla have nuclei for what cranial nerves in what division?

A

Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X of the parasympathetic division

56
Q

What does the hypothalamus coordinate?

A

Coordinates many ANS activities-BP, HR, vasomotion, GI tract motility and secretion

57
Q

What autonomic reflexes does the spinal cord integrate?

A

micturition and defecation

Anatomy and Physiology (18 decks)

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