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Bact > Test 2- Bordetella > Flashcards

Test 2- Bordetella Flashcards

1
Q

Bordetella General

A

• Gram-negative

  • Small
  • Cocco-bacillus
  • Slower growth
  • T optim. 30-37oC
  • Obligate symbiotic
  • Facultative pathogenic
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2
Q

Bordetella species

A
  • B. bronchiseptica
  • B. avium
  • B. pertussis
  • B. parapertussis

last two human whooping cough

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3
Q

B. Bronchiseptica General

A
  • Facultative pathogen
  • Aerobic
  • In the upper respiratory tract of many animal species

• Affinity for ciliated respiratory epithelium

• Genetically closely related to B. pertussis/parapertussis

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4
Q

B. bronchiseptica Syndromes in different animal species

A

• Mainly pathology in:

• Dogs: kennel cough
• Pigs: atrophic rhinitis

  • Rabbits
  • Guinea pigs

Less in

  • Cats
  • Horses

Seldom
• Ruminants

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5
Q

Virulence factors

A

• Adhesins: ciliated respiratory epithelia

• Filamentous hemagglutinin
—— Secreted protein that remains attached to the OM

——–Most important adhesion factor

  • —— Also causes hemagglutination
  • ——- Also Adhesion to macrophages
  • Pertactin (OMP)
  • Fimbriae: role unclear

• Biofilms (persistence)

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6
Q

Virulence factors

• Toxins

A

TOXINS:

Hemolysin(adenylate cyclase toxin)

—RTX family of toxins (repeat in toxin)

——Inhibition of function of neutrophils

—–Pore forming

  • *Dermonecrotic toxin**
  • ——-Causes skin necrosis upon injection
  • ——Damages nasal tissue
  • —— Damages osteoblasts
  • —– Differentiate from P. multocida DNT (also called PMT) (activates osteoclasts)

Osteotoxin

—– Toxic for osteoblasts

• Tracheal cytotoxin
——Destruction of ciliated respiratory epithelium

• LPS, Siderophore, lactoferrin and transferrin binding proteins

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7
Q

Virulence factors- genetic

A

• Bvg regulon-

  • —–Phase variation
  • ——Virulent non virulent phase
  • —– Coordinates expression (or not) of virulence genes

Low temperature Mg sulphate Nicotinic acid

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8
Q
  1. Non progressive atrophic rhinitis
A
  1. Non progressive atrophic rhinitis
  • Damage of nasal mucosae
  • Production of mucus increases
  • Dermonecrotic toxin
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9
Q
  1. Pneumonic bordetellosis

Symptoms:

A
  1. Pneumonic bordetellosis in PIGS
    • Age < 1 week: primary infection
    • Age > 1 week: secondary infection
  • Symptoms
  • Coughing and dyspnea in young animals
  • In general no fever
  • Morbidity: high
  • Mortality: variable to high

• Lesions in lungs

• Pneumonia

  • Frontal and mid lobus
  • Go from red to brown/yellow-brown
  • Chronic: dry aspect
  • Purulent bronchiolitis and alveolitis
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10
Q
  1. Progressive atrophic rhinitis
A

Diseases in pigs

+ Pasteurella multocida

Also producer of DNT (PMT), but with activation of osteoclasts

P. multocida, DNT+ (also called PMT)

• Colonization of nose

  • —-Only if (byB.bronchiseptica)
  • —- -Mucus production is sufficient (by B. bronchiseptica) ——-Damage of epithelium (NH3) (by B. bronchiseptica)
  • —– High infection pressure (by P. multocida)
  • Multiplication of P. multocida
  • DNT production of P. multocida to infect Osteoclasts

• Severity of lesions-atrophic rhinitis depends on

  • Infection pressure
  • Age of colonization with Bb and Pm
  • Dust
  • Ventilation

– farm management as a whole

pic- can tell that the nose is not symmetrical

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11
Q
A

Progressive atrophic rhinitis

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12
Q

Epidemiology of Progressive atrophic rhinitis

A

Epidemiology
• Bb colonizes easier than Pm
• Direct contact or aerosol (short distance)

  • Sow to offspring
  • older piglets to younger- have to be careful not to mix pigs
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13
Q
  1. Progressive atrophic rhinitis

Symptoms

A

Symptoms

• Sniffling

  • Sneezing
  • Progressive disease
  • Tears
  • Serious: + blood
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14
Q

Diseases in pigs 3. Progressive atrophic rhinitis

• Nose:

A

• Anatomical deviation

—– Skewed

——- Ribbing’s of skin

———shortening

• Growth of the animals is less good

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15
Q

Treatment and prevention of atrophic rhinitis

A
  • Difficult!!!
  • No optimal therapy

• Combination of

• Hygiene, management factors

——Compartmentation

——-Ventilation

——-Constant temperature

  • Antibacterial (Pm has quite some acquired resistance)
  • Vaccination Sows

——DNT of Pm must be included

——-Inactivated Bb

———-Heat labile toxin of Pm

• Vaccination of piglets: questionable result

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16
Q

Diagnosis (B. bronchispetica)

A
  • Cultivation
  • Sampling nose (tonsils)
  • —- Clean nose before
  • ——Deep(useflexibleswab)

——- In transport medium

  • Slow growth
  • Better at 30 than 37oC
  • Blood agar plates
  • Overgrowth problems
  • (Serology)
  • PCR

pic: Small grey colonies Hemolysis under colony

17
Q

Treatment of B. bronchispetica

A

• Naturally little susceptible to

  • —— Nitrofurantoin
  • ——-Spectinomycin, streptomycin

——– Ceftiofur

——–Ampi, amoxy
• Acquired resistance to sulfonamides is quite frequent

18
Q

B. bronchiseptica: kennel cough

A
  • Dogs (cats)
  • Rhinitis
  • Laryngitis
  • Tracheobronchitis
  • Pneumonia and pleuritis
19
Q

Canine infectious tracheobronchitis (Kennel Cough)

A
  • Freq +
  • CanineParainfluenzavirus

• Canine adenovirus 1, 2

  • canine herpesvirus 1
  • canine distemper
  • Reovirus 1, 2, and 3

• Mycoplasmacynos

Do not have to memorize

20
Q

B. bronchiseptica: kennel cough

Pathogenesis

A

• Infection
——Endogenic

——-Exogenic

• Adhesion to ciliated epithelium

  • —Damage
  • —NH3 production & toxins

—-Inflammation

————-Mucus

————–Attraction of neutrophils

————–Tracheobronchial clearance

————–Obstruction smaller bronchi and bronchioli

—- Susceptibility to secondary infections

————–Damage mucociliary apparatus

————–inhibition macrophages (Adenylate cyclase)

21
Q

B. bronchiseptica: kennel cough

Symptoms and immunity

A

• Symptoms

  • Onset
  • in general 6-7 weeks old

• Early 3-4 weeks

  • Dry cough
  • Nose,eye
  • General Symptoms
  • T0
  • Food intake

• Activity

• Immunity
—– Slow development of local antibodies

——Thus long excretion (14 weeks)

22
Q

B. bronchiseptica: kennel cough Diagnosis

A
  • Diagnosis • Isolation
  • BAL
23
Q

B. bronchiseptica: kennel cough Treatment

A
  • Self limiting disease (mostly)- vaccination
  • Rest
  • Symptomatic: inhibition of cough (care because you want the cough to be able to eliminate the bacteria)
  • Hygiene and disinfection
  • Antibiotics tetracyclines, only when + general symptoms
  • Little susceptible to cephalosporins
  • Aerosolization (polymixin B, Kanamycin, gentamicin)
24
Q

B. bronchiseptica: kennel cough

Prevention

A
  • Vaccination (combination with viruses)
  • Inactivated vaccine

—-Primo vaccination

———-2 injections

———–3 weeks in-between

————Yearly rappel

• Note: interference with maternal immunity till W 4-6

live vaccine- RARE

Age: 3 weeks

Nasal inoculation

No antibiotics!

Fast protection (72h)

Less interference with maternal immunity

Yearly rappel

25
Q

B. Bronchiseptica in cats

A

• Kittens

Symptoms

• Nasal discharge

  • Tears
  • Photophobia
  • Sneezing
  • Non-productive cough
  • Dyspnoea
  • Swelling of lymph nodus • Anorexia
  • Fever
  • Mortality
  • Older animals: less severe symptoms
  • Treatment = dogs
26
Q

B. Bronchiseptica in horses

A
  • Seldom
  • Similar to cats and dogs
  • Treatment:
  • Prevention of dust (for all respiratory diseases)
  • Rest: 3 weeks for full recovery
  • Prevention of inhalation of spores of fungi

——– Hay!

——————— Wetting: in bath with water (spray is not enough)

——————— Feeding on floor
——————— Replace eventually by alfalfa
• Prevent straw

27
Q

Bordetella in poultry

A
  • B. avium
  • DD from these Alcaligenes faecalis and Avibacterium paragallinarum
  • Turkeys: Coryza
  • Rhinotracheitis
  • Acute (W 1-6) or chronic
  • Frequentlycomplicated(bacteria,viruses) • Environmental contamination
28
Q

Bordetella in poultry

• Coryza in turkeys

A
  • Coryza in turkeys
  • Respiratory problems in turkeys: Important

• Acute (age 1-6 wks)/chronic

  • Etiology: complex
  • Bordetella avium(primaryagent)
  • TRT virus (paramyxo,avianmetapneumovirus)

————- Includes also swollen head syndrome

————- E. coli

————- Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale

  • ———— Mycoplasma gallisepticum
  • ————Chlamydia psittaci
29
Q
A

Bordetella in poultry

• Coryza in turkeys

30
Q

Bordetella in poultry Epidemiology

A

Etiology: complex

E. coli

Pasteurella multocida

Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Mycoplasma synoviae

Mycoplasma meleagridis

Older animals: carriers

Transfer via floor bedding, drinking water

31
Q

Bordetella in poultry

• Symptoms

A

• High morbidity, low mortality

  • Growth
  • Seromucous nose discharge
  • Eye
  • Sneezing
  • Head shaking
  • Further evolution:
  • trachealrales
  • Open beak respiration • Dirtonwings
32
Q

Bordetella in poultry

• Treatment

A
  • Treatment
  • Hygiene!
  • No mixing of ages
  • Inactivated vaccine for mother animals

• (antibiotics, little effect)

33
Q

Bordetella in Rabbit

A

• Nearly all rabbits are carriers

  • Symptoms
  • Nasal discharge
  • Sneezing, snoring • Congestion
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Tears
  • Eye localization: blindness • Ear infection
  • Abscesses (dd. S. aureus)
34
Q

Bordetella in Rabbit

A

+ P. multocida bronchopneumonia

  • Not a significant economic risk
  • Treatment depending on the stage
  • Mostly not necessary
  • Antibiotics: be careful

Bact (34 decks)

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