Systems

Question 1

What is the equation for Cellular Respiration?

Answer 1

H2O + O2 + C6H12O6 = H2O + CO2 + ATP

water + oxygen + glucose = water + carbon dioxide + ATP

Question 2

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 2

A process that converts the energy in the chemical bonds in glucose into chemical energy contained in the bonds of ATP.

Question 3

What are the two types of cellular respiration?

Answer 3

Anaerobic Respiration (w/o O2)
glucose -> lactic acid + 2 ATP
glucose -> carbon dioxide + ethanol + 2 ATP

Aerobic Repsiration (w/ O2)
glucose + oxygen + water -> carbon dioxide + water + 36ATP

Question 4

Where does cellular respiration take place?

Answer 4

Anaerobic -> cytoplasm

Aerobic -> cytoplasm -> mitochondrion

Question 5

What are the 5 requirements for efficient gas exchange?

Answer 5

• Large surface area - more materials move at same time
• Thin - diffusion effective over short distances
• Moist - materials must dissolve before diffusing
• Close to transport -materials must be close to diffuse into bloodstream
• Close to source - materials needed to be moved must be close to surface

Question 6

What gases are being exchanged?

Answer 6

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 7

Where is the diffusion (high to low conc.) taking place?

Answer 7

a) External - alveoli and capillaries - O2 moves into capillaries, CO2 moves out of capillaries
b) Internal - capillaries and cells - O2 moves out of capillaries, CO2 moves into capillaries

Question 8

How is oxygen transported?

Answer 8

Carried by red blood cells that contain hemoglobin, an iron containing protein, that will release oxygen when O2 concentration are low.

Question 9

How is carbon dioxide transported?

Answer 9

• 50% of carbon dioxide is carried in the blood plasma as bicarbonate ions
• 40% of carbon dioxide is carried in the red blood cells as carboxyhemoglobin
• 10% is carried in solution in the plasma

Question 10

Compare arteries and veins:
Blood flow
Pressure
Muscle/elastic tissue
Valves

Answer 10

Arteries:

• Away from heart
• Flows even when heart relaxes
• High
• Thicker-walled
• No valves

Veins:

• Back to heart
• Low speed
• Low (from heart)
• Thinner-walled
• Open and closed

Question 11

What are the different types of blood cells and their functions?

Answer 11

Red blood cells - carry hemoglobin (iron and O2) through body
White blood cells - fight infection
Platelets - clot blood

Question 12

What are the 5 functions of the circulatory system?

Answer 12

• To transport absorbed/digested nutrients to all the cells of the body
• To transport oxygen in and carbon dioxide out of the cells
• To dispose of waste products and toxins
• To regulate body temperature
• To transport hormones and chemical messengers

Question 13

What is anemia?

Answer 13

Low oxygen levels in blood.

caused by low red blood cells, hemoglobin, or iron

Question 14

What are the different structures of the small intestine and how do they help get nutrients to the cells?

Answer 14

1) Cylinder shaped - wave-like muscle contractions to move materials across the SA
2) Folds - increased SA
3) Villi - each villus contains a blood vessel and lymph duct, making material close to transport
4) Microvilli - used to increase SA for chemical digestion and absorption
5) Goblet cells - produce mucus to keep surface moist

Question 15

Name the different enzymes in each macromolecule.

Answer 15

Proteins - pepsin - produced in stomach glands, used in stomach
Carbohydrates - amylase and lactase - produced in pancreas, used in small intestine
Lipids - lipase - produced in stomach, in small intestine