3a Axial Skeleton System Flashcards
(68 cards)
1
Q
Axial Skeleton Components
A
Skull, facial bones, spinal cord
2
Q
5 basic types of bones
A
- long
- short
- flat
- irregular
- sesamoid
3
Q
Long
A
compact (humerus)
4
Q
short
A
spongy except surface (wrist-trapezoid)
5
Q
Flat
A
plates of compact enclosing spongy (sternum and scapula)
6
Q
Irregular
A
variable (vertebra)
7
Q
Sesamoid
A
develop in tendons or ligaments (patella-knee caps)
8
Q
Sutural bones
A
in joints between skull bones
immovable joints that hold the skull bones together
9
Q
Skull is composed of how many bones and where
A
22 cranial and facial bones
10
Q
Skull forms?
A
large cranial cavity and smaller cavities (including nasal cavity and orbits)
11
Q
Paranasal sinuses
A
-Cavities in bones of the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity
~Mucous-lined cavities in the skull (filter and purify air) ~make the skull lighter
~Resonating chambers for speech
12
Q
Mandible
A
only voluntary bone that we can move in the skull (other than the ear ossicles within the temporal bone)
13
Q
The skull has how many cranial bones?
A
8
14
Q
the skull has how many facial bones?
A
14
15
Q
8 cranial bones purpose?
A
- protect brain & house ear ossicles
- muscle attachments for jaw, neck & facial muscles
16
Q
14 facial bones purpose?
A
- protect delicate sense organs - smell, taste, vision
- support entrances to digestive and respiratory systems
17
Q
8 cranial bones?
A
- frontal
- parietal (2)
- temporal (2)
- occipital
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
18
Q
How many bones are in the human body?
A
206
19
Q
How many bones are in the axial skeleton
A
80
20
Q
Axial Skeleton
A
- lie along longitudinal axis
- skull, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, ear ossicles
21
Q
Appendicular skeleton composed of
A
Upper & lower limbs and pelvic & pectoral girdles
22
Q
Frontal bone
A
-forehead, roof of orbits (eye sockets), anterior cranial floor
-supraorbital margin and frontal sinus(right above eye)
~a “black eye” not a lot of muscle and facia right there
23
Q
Parietal bone
A
sides and roof of cranial cavity
24
Q
Temporal bone
A
- two temporal bones connected by the temporal squama Sutures
- zygomatic process forms part of arch (stereotypical cheek bone)
- external auditory meatus (opening to the outside sound comes through)
- mastoid process (behind ear flat)
- styloid process (right below mastoid process for muscular attachment)
- stylomastoid foramen (VII) sits between styloid and mastoid process
- Mandibular fossa (TMJ)
- Petrous portion (VIII)
- carotid foramen (carotid artery) supplies blood to the brain
- jugular foramen (jugular vein) passes back to the heart through this
25
Occipital bone
-foramen magnum (spinal cord passes through connecting to the brain)
-occipital condyles (skull is going to sit on spinal cord)
-external occipital protuberance (bump of knowledge)
attachment for ligament nuchae (allows skull movement and supports spinal cord)
-superior (higher than inferior) and inferior nuchal lines (important for muscular and facia attachments)
26
Sphenoid bone (butterfly bone)
-Base of skull
(articulates with a number of bones)
-Pterygoid (p is silent) processes are attachment sites for jaw muscles
-Pterygoid plates
27
Sella turcica
holds pituitary gland (superior portion of the sphenoid bone)
28
Ethmoid bone forms:
- part of the anterior portion of the cranial floor
- the medial wall of the orbits
- the superior portion of the nasal septum
- most of the superior side walls of the nasal cavity
- major superior supporting structure of the nasal cavity
29
Crista Galli (ethmoid bone) & perpendicular plate
attaches to the membrane that covers the brain
30
Lateral masses of the ethmoid bone contain what
ethmoid sinuses (for filtering air, warm air, making skull lighter)
31
14 facial bones
- Nasal (2)
- Mandible (1) only voluntary
- Inferior nasal conchae (2)
- Maxillae (2)
- Lacrimal (2)
- Zygomatic (2)
- Palatine (2)
- Vomer (1)
32
Maxillary Bones
- floor of orbit (eye socket), floor of nasal cavity or hard palate (hard portion of upper mouth)
- maxillary sinus (filtering air, making skull lighter)
- alveolar processes hold upper teeth
- cleft palate is lack of union of maxillary bone
33
Zygomatic bones
- Cheekbones
- form lateral wall of orbit along with sphenoid bones
- Part of zygomatic arch along with part of temporal
34
Lacrimal and Inferior Nasal Conchae
-Lacrimal bones
~part of medial wall of orbit
~lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sac
-Inferior nasal concha or turbinate (not part of ethmoid)
35
Mandible bone landmarks
- Body (main portion), angle ("jaw bone") & rami (portion sits just anterior and a little inferior to ears)
- Condylar & coronoid processes (help form TMJ with temporal bone)
- Alveolar processes for lower teeth
- Mandibular & mental foramen (nerves are going to pass through)
36
TMJ (temporomandibular joint)
-the mandible articulates with the temporal bone
-tmj syndrome is dysfunction of tmj
~causes appear to be numerous and the treatment is similarly variable
37
Palatine bone
- L-shaped bone: one end is back part of the hard palate, other end is part of orbit
38
Vomer Bone
-Posterior part of nasal septum
39
Nasal Septum bone
- Divides nasal cavity into left and right sides
| - formed by over, perpendicular plate of ethmoid and septal cartilage
40
Deviated Septum
-Does not line the midline
| ~developmental abnormality or trauma
41
The orbits (eye sockets)
- contain the eyeballs and associated structures and are formed by 7 bones of the skull
- 5 important foramina are associated with each orbit
42
Bones of the orbit
```
Frontal
Sphenoid
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Lacrimal
Ethmoid
Palatine
```
43
Bones of the roof of orbit
Frontal and sphenoid bones
44
Bones of the lateral wall of orbit
zygomatic ad sphenoid
45
Bones of floor of orbit
maxilla, zygomatic, and sphenoid
46
Bones of the medial wall of orbit
maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid and sphenoid
47
Orbital fissures and optic foramen
allow optic nerves to pass through as well as other nerves to innervate muscles of the face to allow for expression and to move the eye ball as well as provide sensation to the area
48
Foramina of the skull (5)
- Foramen magnum
- Optic foramen
- Mandibular foramen
- Carotid Foramen
- Stylomastoid foramen
49
Foramen Magnum
- Occipital bone
- Sits inferior part of the brain connects with spinal cord (CN (cranial nerve11) XI)
- Vertebral and spinal arteries pass through this opening (supply blood to crucial structures in the brain and spinal cord)
50
Optic foramen
- Sphenoid Bone
| - Optic nerve (II) & ophthalmic artery (important for the health of the eye)
51
Mandibular foramen
-Mandible
52
Carotid foramen
- Temporal bone (between greater and lesser wings)
| - Internal carotid artery (supplying blood to brain)
53
Stylomastoid foramen
- Temporal bone (between mastoid and styloid processes - behind ears)
- Cranial Nerve (CN) VII (7) (facial nerve - allows facial expression) and stylomastoid artery
54
Sutures include (4):
Coronal
Sagittal
Lambdoid
Squamous
55
Coronal Suture
unites the frontal and both parietal bones
56
Sagittal Suture
unites the two parietal bones
57
Lambdoid Suture
unites the two parietal bones to the occipital
58
Squamous Suture
unites the parietal and temporal bones
59
Which cranial bones contain the sinuses
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Maxillae
60
When does Sinusitis occur?
when membranes of the paranasal sinuses become inflamed due to infection or allergy (pressure in skull - sinus infection)
61
Fontanels
-Dense connective tissue membrane-filled spaces between the cranial bones of fetuses and infants
~remain unossified at birth but closes early in a Childs life
62
2 major functions of fontanels?
1. ) enables the fetal skull to modify its size and shape as it passes through the birth canal
2. ) permit rapid growth of the brain during infancy
63
Major fontanels?
Anterior, Posterior, Anterolaterals, and Posterolaterals
64
Anterior fontanel is located where?
between frontal and parietal (future coronal suture)
65
Posterior fontanel is located where?
between parietal and occipital bone
66
Posterolateral fontanel
between the temporal, parietal and occipital bones
67
Anterolateral fontanel
sits between a number of bones (future squamous suture)
68
Hyoid Bone
- U-shaped single bone
-Throat area
- No bony articulations
~suspended by ligament and muscle from skull (unique)
-Supports the tongue & provides attachment for tongue, neck and pharyngeal muscles
(floating important for muscular attachments to assist with swallowing)
