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Place > 3.A- social inequality > Flashcards

3.A- social inequality Flashcards

1
Q

how are quality of housing and wealth linked?

A

investment
> a good quality house will increase in value over time

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2
Q

how are quality of housing and income linked?

A

the higher the income the more opportunity to live in an affluent area

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3
Q

how are income and education linked?

A

pay for private school, more potential jobs/opportunities

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4
Q

how are income and access to healthcare linked?

A

can afford private healthcare = faster access to (better?) healthcare

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5
Q

how are income and access to services linked?

A
  • pay for gym
  • pay to live in a more affluent area where services are more likely to be
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6
Q

how are access to services and political control linked?

A
  • if you are able to control the politics you have the ability to create access to services
  • need transportation/physically access decision making
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7
Q

how are political control and access to technology linked?

A
  • able to see all options for voting online through social media etc.
  • i.e. some parties may target deprived areas w/ physical options
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8
Q

how are political control and education linked?

A

clearer understanding of the voting system

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9
Q

how are education and access to technology linked?

A

understanding technology to access high end quaternary jobs

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10
Q

how are education and employment linked?

A

better qualifications lead to higher paying employment opportunities

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11
Q

how are access to technology and employment linked?

A
  • digital divide
  • maybe can’t apply for a job w/o tech
  • also might need to work remotely after COVID and may not be able to w/o access to tech
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12
Q

what are social inequalities?

A

differences in the quality of life and standard of living

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13
Q

what is the standard of living?

A

degree of wealth and material comfort available available to a person or community

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14
Q

what is the quality of life?

A

the general well-being of individuals and societies - the negative and positive features of life

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15
Q

how can social inequality be measured economically between different places?

A
  • homeownership vs rent
  • types of job - low skilled or high skilled
  • avg male income vs avg female income - shows if theres a difference
  • % of people on benefits - infers unemployment/economic poverty
  • % below poverty line
  • household income
  • disposable income
  • multiple jobs - affects QoL
  • access to leisure services (socio-economic)
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16
Q

how can social inequality be measured SOCIALLY between different places?

A
  • access to leisure services (socio-economic)
  • crime rates
  • fear of crime/perceptions
  • gender/sexual orientation laws
  • private vs public healthcare
  • education beyond 16
  • level of further education
  • access to different schools
  • gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, social background
  • % on free school meals
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17
Q

how can social inequality be measured POLITICALLY between different places?

A
  • % voting in election
    > potential for engagement
  • who is voting/participating in community life.
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18
Q

how can social inequality be measured PHYSICALLY between different places?

A
  • levels of vandalism/graffiti - suggests an area not looked after/poor
  • types of housing/housing quality
  • pollution (air/noise)
  • types of business
  • cleanliness of area
  • infrastructure (roads/electricity)
  • access to transport
  • Environmental quality survey
  • quality of environment
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19
Q

how does the World Bank define poverty?

A
  • defines absolute poverty as US$1.25/day PPP (purchasing power parity).
  • below this level of poverty, a person cannot afford to purchase the minimum amount of food and non-food essentials
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20
Q

what is relative poverty?

A
  • relates the level of povert to the distribution of income across the whole population
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21
Q

how many people fit into relative poverty in the UK?

A
  • for the uk and throughout the EU, relative poverty level is 60% of the median household income
  • about 13 million inhabitants of the UK fall below this
22
Q

what is the GINI co efficient and why is it relevant?

A
  • a technique that can be used to measure levels of income inequality w/in countries.
  • it is defined as a ratio w/ values between 0 and 1.0
  • the lower the value the more equal income distribution is
  • a GINI coefficient of 1.0 would mean all the income of the country is in one person’s hands. 0 = equal spread
23
Q

based on a rent map of SW London, which areas are most deprived?

A
  • Hatton Cross
  • Hounslow West
24
Q

based on a rent map of SW London, which areas are least deprived?

A
  • parsons green
  • notting hill gate
  • holland park
  • west kingsington
  • earls court
25
Q

how can housing show social inequality?

A
  • social inequality is evident in the type and quality of housing people occupy - it is closely related to income
  • housing tenure is an indicator of social inequality.
  • the division is between owner occupiers (w or w/o a mortgage) and renters (renting for housing association, local authority or private landlords)
  • in squatter settlements in LIDCs, people may not have any legal right to the land they occupy
26
Q

why are squatter settlements problematic?

A
  • term is misleading and should only be used where people have no legal right to the land they occupy
  • no address = no job/bank loans etc = stuck in cycle of poverty
27
Q

what is the main measure of education?

A
  • literacy is the main measure of education and this contrasts globally
  • in the UK, places may be compared according to the % of people with different levels of education e.g. <5 good GCSEs - higher education degree
  • be aware of formal (paper qualifications) vs informal (aquired) skills. in LIDCs, the latter can be v imporatnt but there may not be a record of them
28
Q

how is literacy rate sometimes not very useful?

A
  • in UK, it is legal for everyone to go to school until 16 so it is assured everyone is literate
29
Q

how does education link to inequality/opportunities in life?

A
  • more formal qualifications lead to greater opportunities in life, better paid jobs etc.
  • if education is not possible then greater opportunities are less accessible
30
Q

how can healthcare show social inequality?

A
  • there is a strong association between poverty and ill health
  • this may be due to number of health care professionals - number of doctors per 1000 people.
  • in malawi there is one doctor per 40,000 people, in the UK 1 for 400
  • UK “postcode lottery” that determines how good the healthcare is in your area.
  • lifestyle (alcohol, tobacco), diet, air quality, housing type all affect health. many of these are also related to income.
31
Q

number of doctors / 1000 in malawi vs UK

A
  • in malawi there is one doctor per 40,000 people, in the UK 1 for 400
32
Q

what factors affect health?

A
  • lifestyle (alcohol, tobacco), diet, air quality, housing type all affect health. many of these are also related to income.
  • access to clean water, effective sanitation, quality and quantity of diet, type of housing and air quality.
33
Q

why are areas in higher deprivation areas less healthy?

A
  • can’t afford better quality food
  • cheaper shops will be situated in higher deprivation areas to target those who live in poverty
  • less access to leisure centres/gyms in terms of money and location (gyms will be in less deprived areas)
  • access to clean water, effective sanitation, quality and quantity of diet, type of housing and air quality.
  • attitudes towards vaccination (social behaviour and lifestyle)- COVID spreads faster and more easily
34
Q

how can employment show social inequality?

A
  • the type of work and amount you earn affects standard of living/quality of life
  • full time work, part time work, contract work, no contract work, temporary work - some get sick pay, some get paid holidays, some don’t.
  • the type of work affects whether you can get a mortgage/borrow money etc
  • in LIDCs, millions work in the informal economy - with no security or guaranteed income
35
Q

how does employment link to education?

A
  • higher education/better qualifications leads to regular higher income = has a profound impact on standard of living and QoL
36
Q

what does poverty refer to?

A

poverty refers to not having enough money to support a good standard of living

37
Q

what does deprivation refer to?

A

deprivation refers to a general lack of resources and opportunities

38
Q

key ideas

A
  • poverty refers to not having enough money to support a good standard of living.
  • deprivation refers to a general lack of resources and opportunities.
  • these are often linked
39
Q

why do spatial patterns of social inequality vary? - WEALTH

A
  • incomes control many of the other variables as they determine which area you can live in.
  • income pays for rent or mortgages and offers people choice of where they want to live e.g. where they can be in the catchment of the best schools.
  • it determines how much disposable income you have, the food you eat, the general quality
40
Q

what is disposable income and why is it relevant?

A
  • the proportion of a person’s income that is left after essential such as housing, food, clothing, heating and taxes have been paid
  • if a person’s income, but the increasing cost of food, housing etc outstrip the additional income, then that person is relatively less well off
41
Q

why do spatial patterns of social inequality vary? - HOUSING

A
  • living in sub-standard housing can result in physical and mental illnesses. this is because of physical conditions (such as damp, poor sound proofing or overcrowding)
  • this then results in lower incomes for some and greater social inequality.
  • as housing prices rise, those who own property benefit, while those who rent gain nothing and the gap between rich and poor grows, often occuring in areas of gentrification
  • true in areas of second homes, e.g cornwall. houses are bought by outsiders. as demand grows, the prices increase beyond the means of locals, who are forces then to rent.
  • more variation in LICS w/ more extremes, (slums). these are the result of rapid urbanisation and the inability of the local authority to provide homes for all.
42
Q

what has happened to social housing in the UK since the 1980s?

A
  • in the UK, traditionally low-cost social housing was provided by local authorities but since the 1980s, the availability of this type of accomodation has decreased dramatically.
  • this is also a cause of the inequality in rural regions.
  • the rise in second home ownership and the migration of wealthy people into the villages and small towns of the countryside have increased property prices beyond the reach of many families.
43
Q

why do spatial patterns of social inequality vary? - HEALTH

A
  • poor physical and mental health keeps children out of school and people out of work, e.g. long term sick.
  • this then affects qualifications and incomes which can perpetuate a cycle of poverty.
  • deprivation, in turn, results in sub-standard housing and poor nutrition which in turn lowers immunity and results in worse health.
  • medical services arent evenly accessible
  • rural areas may lack services… from the isle of Skye, access to pre/post-natal services in Inverness takes 4 hours!
  • access health therefore costs more in transport - adding to the cycle of poverty
44
Q

what is the positive feedback loop between inequality, wealth and poor health in deprived places?

A
  • inequality of wealth = poorer quality housing, less access to services, poorer diet = poorer health = inability to work = greater inequality of wealth … and so on.
45
Q

why do spatial patterns of social inequality vary? - EDUCATION

A
  • as above, poor quality of low levels of education (leading to illiteracy) affect people’s earning potential and can be indirectly responsible for the areas that people end up living in.
  • this is not a perfect relationship but education does play and important tole in socio-economic inequalities.
  • lack of education both creates and maintains inequalities
46
Q

what is the positive feedback loop between inequality, wealth and education in deprived places?

A
  • rich get richer
  • pay for better education = higher qualifications = better job = higher income = better QoL and more disposable income
47
Q

why do spatial patterns of social inequality vary? - ACCESS TO SERVICES

A
  • not all locations have equal access to services (either because of the number of services present or the difficulty/ease of transport)
  • within a country, there is a difference between core and peripheral regions.
  • core regions (at whatever scale) are the centres of economic growth, get more tax revenues and government investment
  • e.g london or bath
  • generally services are better for urban residents - whatever theor oncome. here, larger numbers of people make services more viable and affordable e.g. public transport, digital connectivity.
48
Q

what do small populations mean in terms of access to services and spatial social inequality?

A
  • small threshold populations mean that many remote rural areas lack access to services ranging from local schools to clinics.
  • travelling to these increases the cost of living and can create social inequality between urban and rural populations.
49
Q

how does access to services vary between ACs and LIDCs?

A
  • access to services is also unequal between ACs and LIDCs as their GDPs, and ability to provide for their populations, are so different - UK’s is over $40,000 p/capita whereas Malawi’s is less than $400 p/capita
50
Q

why is there often a rural/urban divide with access to services?

A
  • people living in core regions e.g. capital cities, where wealth and investment are high, tend to have good access to services
  • whereas the more peripheral regions, those usually furthest away from the core suffer from limited access
  • on avg, urban dwellers have better access to services than their rural counterparts
51
Q

what is the digital divide and why is it influential?

A
  • both possessing the means to be online (e.g. phone/laptop) as well as the quality (speed and bandwidth) of a connection
    -in UK, there are significant contrasts between urban and rural areas close to urban centres and remote rural areas.
  • faster speed areas get faster and slow speed locations lag behind
52
Q

how are mobile phones in LIDCs helping tackle the digital divide?

A
  • growth in satellite technologies removes the need to set up fixed copper cables
  • and with solar powered recharging equipment, even very remote places can be linked in.

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