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Biology AS Level unit 2 > 3B Cell Cycle, Fertilisation > Flashcards

3B Cell Cycle, Fertilisation Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

cell cycle

A

a regulated process of three stages (interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis) in which cells divide into two genetically identical daughter cells

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2
Q

interphase

A

the period between active cell divisions when cells increase their size and mass, replicate their DNA and carry out normal metabolic activities

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3
Q

mitosis

A

the process by which a cell divides to produce tow genetically identical daughter cells

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4
Q

meiosis

A

a form of cell division in which the chromosome number of the original cell is halved, leading to the formation of the gametes

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5
Q

asexual reproduction

A

the production of genetically identical offspring form a single parent or organism

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6
Q

histones

A

positively charged proteins involved in the coiling of DNA to form dense chromosomes in cell division

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7
Q

nucleosomes

A

dense clusters of DNA wound around histones

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8
Q

karyotype

A

a way of displaying an image of the chromosomes of a cell to show the pairs of autosomes and sex chromosomes

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9
Q

chromatid

A

one strand of the replicated chromosome pair that is joined to the other chromatid at the centromere

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10
Q

cyclins

A

small proteins that build up during interphase and are involved in the control of the cell cycle by phosphorylating other proteins, activated by attachment to cyclins

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11
Q

cyclin - dependent kinases CDKs

A

enzymes involved in the control of the cell cycle by phosphorylating other proteins, activated by attachment to cyclins

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12
Q

prophase

A
  • the first stage of active cell division
  • the chromosomes are coiled up and consist of two daughter chromatids joined by the centromere
  • the nucleolus breaks down
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13
Q

metaphase

A
  • the second stage of active cell division
  • a spindle of overlapping protein microtubules forms
  • the chromatids line up on the metaphase plate
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14
Q

centromere

A

the region where a pair of chromatids are joined and which attaches to a single strand of the spindle structure at metaphase

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15
Q

telophase

A
  • fourth stage of active cell division
  • a nuclear membrane forms around the two sets of chromosomes
  • the chromosome
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16
Q

clones

A

genetically identical individuals resulting from asexual reproduction in a single parent

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17
Q

mitotic index

A

the ratio between the number of cells in a tissue sample that are in mitosis and the total number of cells in the sample

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18
Q

diploid (2n)

A

a cell with a nucleus containing two full sets of chromosomes

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19
Q

haploid (n)

A

a cell with a nucleus containing one complete set of chromosomes

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20
Q

zygote

A

the cell formed when two haploid gametes fuse at fertilisation

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21
Q

gonads

A

the sex organs in animals

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22
Q

ovaries

A

the female sex organs in both animals and plants; they produce the female gametes called ovules in plants and ova in animals

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23
Q

pollen

A

the spore which contains the haploid male gametes of plants

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24
Q

testes

Study These Flashcards
A

the male sex organs in animals that produce the male gametes
- sperm

25
spermatozoa (sperm)
the haploid male gametes in animals
26
ova
the haploid female gametes in animals (singular = ovum)
27
microspores
the result of meiosis in plants that develop into the spore (pollen) containing the male gametes
28
microspores
the result of meiosis in plants that develop into the spore (pollen) containing the male gametes
29
megaspores
the result of meiosis in plants that develop into the female gametes, ovules
30
homologous pairs
matching pairs of chromosomes in an individual which both carry the same genes, although they may have different alleles
31
crossing over (recombination)
the process by which large multi-enzyme complexes cut and re-join parts of the maternal and paternal chromatids at the end of prophase I, introducing genetic variation
32
chiasmata
the points where the chromatids break during recombination
33
mutation
a permanent change in the DNA of an organism
34
independent assortment (random assortment)
the process by which the chromosomes derived from the male and female parent are distributed into the gametes at random
35
independent assortment (random assortment)
the process by which the chromosomes derived from the male and female parent are distributed into the gametes at random
36
gametogenesis
the formation of the gametes by meiosis in the sex organs
37
oocyte
a cell in an ovary which may form an ovum if it undergoes meiotic division
38
acrosome
the region at the head of the sperm that contains enzymes to break down the protective layers around the ovum
39
zona pellucida
a layer of protective jelly around the unfertilised ovum
40
sporophyte generation
the diploid generation in plants that produces spores by meiosis
41
gametophyte generation
the haploid generation in plants that gives rise to the gametes by mitosis
42
gametophyte generation
the haploid generation in plants that gives rise to the gametes by mitosis
43
sporophyte
the diploid main body of the plant
44
microgametes
the male gametes produced in plants, the pollen grains
45
tube nucleus
the male nucleus that will control the production of the pollen tube in fertilisation
46
tube nucleus
the male nucleus that will control the production of the pollen tube in fertilisation
47
generative nucleus
the male nucleus that will fuse with the female nucleus
48
pollen tube
a tube that grows out of a pollen grain down the style, into the ovary and through the micropyle of the ovule to carry the generative nucleus (which divides to form two male nuclei) to the ovule
49
pollen tube
a tube that grows out of a pollen grain down the style, into the ovary and through the micropyle of the ovule to carry the generative nucleus (which divides to form two male nuclei) to the ovule
50
placenta (plant)
the pad of special tissue that attaches the plant ovule to the ovary wall
51
megagamete
the female gamete, the egg cell, in plants
52
ovules
the haploid female gametes in plants
53
anthers
male sex organs in plants that produce the male gametes contained in the pollen
54
polyploidy
a cell or an organism with more than two sets of chromosomes
55
fertilisation
the fusing of the haploid nuclei from two gametes to forma diploid zygote in sexual reproduciton
56
metaphase plate (equator)
the region of the spindle in the middle of the cell along which the chromatids line up
57
anaphase
- third stage of active cell division - the centromeres split so chromatids become new chromosomes; they are moved to the opposite poles of the cell, centromere first, by contractions of the microtubules of the spindle
58
sexual reproduction
the production of offspring that are genetically different from the parent organism or organisms by the fusing of two sex cells
59
cytokinesis
the final stage of the cell cycle before the cell enters interphase again - division of the cytoplasm at the end of mitosis to form tow independent, genetically identical cells

Biology AS Level unit 2 (9 decks)

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