3rd half

Question 1

Why is social impairment greater if a child doesnt experience a social environment from birth for longer than 6 months

Answer 1

due to plasticity and experience-expectant development

Question 2

What evidence is there that a baby is tuned into their mother

Answer 2

they have a preference for the voice and smell

Question 3

What brian mechanisms are the conspec and conlearn systems supported by

Answer 3

the mature sub cortical brain mechanisms

Question 4

Becoming more efficient at learning to encode specific faces and features to be able to tell faces apart is due to which system maturing

Answer 4

cortical systems

Question 5

Who created the idea of babyness

Answer 5

Lorenz

Question 6

What is a dyadic relationship in gaze following

Answer 6

where the focus of interest is between two individuals

Question 7

What is a triadic relationship in gaze following

Answer 7

where the attentions is directed between two individuals and a third potential source

Question 8

Is pointing with a finger uniquely human

Answer 8

yes

Question 9

What is Anthropomorphism

Answer 9

when we mistakenly attribute intentionality to non human objects when they display behaviours that seem human like

Question 10

What is pedagogy

Answer 10

the transfer of knowledge primarily through teaching

Question 11

What is used to describe the action of using high pitched, musical voice that adults make when communicating with infants

Answer 11

Motherese

Question 12

what stage of piagets developmental stage theory is where children dont grasp the fact that people have minds that may represent the same objects in different ways from their own

Answer 12

Pre-operational

Question 13

What is egocentrism

Answer 13

the tendency to adopt a self centred viewpoint

Question 14

What is a false belief

Answer 14

a mental state of presumed truth that tuns out to be incorrect

Question 15

When children understand that people are intentional agents motivated by mental states, they are said to have acquired a _____

Answer 15

theory of mind

Question 16

If a child is said to have the ‘curse of knowledge’ what are they unable to do

Answer 16

unable to ignore the current true state of the world (be unable to recognise that someone can have a false belief)

Question 17

What are the 3 differing interpretations as to why a child fails the false belief task

Answer 17

1. lacks competence
2. posses the competence but the task demands to greatly of a competence in verbal skills and communicative conventions
3. the task presents to greater demands on executive functions (children find it difficult to inhibit the tendency to say what they know to be true)

Question 18

What 5 factors can improve a childs performance on a false belief task

Answer 18

1. if they are told the motive
2. if they perform the action themselves
3. if the time frame of events is emphasised
4. if chocolate is eaten - completely removed from their focus

Question 19

What is the false photograph task

Answer 19

false believe task, but presenting the stories in photos

Question 20

What does it say that children are able to pass the false photograph task but not the false belief task

Answer 20

mental representations are harder for children to understand than pictorial representations

Question 21

What appears to be the most important factor in determining performance on the theory of mind tasks

Answer 21

language

Question 22

Communication - especially communication about thoughts and feeling - is an important tool for helping children to make sense of their own and others minds

Answer 22

true

Question 23

Is there more to the theory of mind than passing the false belief task

Answer 23

yes

Question 24

When do infants start recognising themselves in the mirror

Answer 24

around 18 months

Question 25

What is the rouge test

Answer 25

being able to recognise that they have a red dot on their nose by looking in a mirror

Question 26

Who works well with inflated praise

Answer 26

8-12 years with self esteem

Question 27

who does not work well with inflated praise

Answer 27

those with low self esteem - avoid tasks that induce a fear of failure

Question 28

What is self control

Answer 28

the general capacity to regulate thought and behaviours

Question 29

What may also be contributors to a child failing the delay of gratification task as well as biological factors

Answer 29

lack of trust experienced at an early age | parenting techniques

Question 30

Can gender influence motor development

Answer 30

yes because parents have a bias which can influence the sorts of expectations and circumstance that will influence the childs experiences

Question 31

What types of activities are male brain more inclined towards

Answer 31

activities that require systemising: analysing tasks in terms of systems and patterns, governed by underlying rules

Question 32

What types of activities are female brain more inclined towards

Answer 32

activities that require empathising - identifying another person's emotions and thoughts and responding with appropriate social interaction

Question 33

What is sociodramatic play

Answer 33

play that involves fantasy and role play

Question 34

what does sociodramatic play require

Answer 34

1. reciprocity 2. coordination of rules 3. agreeing on rules

Question 35

What are the 8 stages of Erikson's stages of development

Answer 35

1. oral sensory 2. muscular anal 3. locomotor 4. latency 5. adolescence 6/ young adulthood 7. middle adulthood 8. maturity

Question 36

Why do we care so much about what others think

Answer 36

we are defined by others and are preoccupied with the fear of rejection by the group

Question 37

What is prosocial behaviour

Answer 37

voluntary acts that are intended to help others, such as giving, sharing cooperating and protecting

Question 38

What is alturism

Answer 38

specific prosocial behaviour that helps others but without any necessary expectation of reciprical benefit

Question 39

What is a pre requisite for prosociality towards others

Answer 39

self identity

Question 40

What facet of social development shows the greatest continuity across childhood and adolescence

Answer 40

aggression

Question 41

Piaget though of moral reasoning as a _____

Answer 41

kill

Question 42

What are the 3 stages in Kohlberg's stage theory

Answer 42

1. preconventional 2. conventional 3. postconventional

Question 43

What is the preconventional stage in Kohlbergs stage theory

Answer 43

the morality of an action is primarily determines by its consequences for the actor

Question 44

What is the conventional stage in Kohlbergs stage theory

Answer 44

the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules

Question 45

What is the post conventional stage in Kohlbergs stage theory

Answer 45

morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values

Question 46

What is the difference between episodic and semantic memory

Answer 46

``` episodic = remembering semantic = knowing ```

Question 47

What are the three ways that bias can influence memory

Answer 47

1. consistency bias - altering past to fit the present 2. change bias - exaggerating the difference between the past and present 3. egocentric bias - distorting the past to make us look better

Question 48

I a person is to reconstruct the past to fit what they presently know or be, what form of bias is this

Answer 48

a form of contingency bias

Question 49

What do patients with amygdala damage experience

Answer 49

they do not remember emotional events any better than unemotional ones

Question 50

better activity of the amygdala leads to ____

Answer 50

better chance of recall